Volume 13 | Issue 9 |

 Abstract

Since the construction industry has high emission rates and resource demanding rate, whose effect on the environment is tremendous in a destructive sense, there is need of sustainable building materials. One of the potential options to reduce air pollution and promote self-cleaning materials is adding photocatalytic component to cementitious ones. The photocatalytic capabilities, affordability, and durability of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)under visible light makes the breakdown of airborne contaminants possible, as it is a polymeric semiconductor that has gained attention towards its use as building materials. Moreover, in addition to the sustainability of the material, the use of glass powder as an additional cementitious component created through recovered waste glass enhances the durability and the mechanical properties of the material by reducing waste. Photocatalytic mortar is manufactured out of glass powder and g-C3N4 and it fits in low-light urban conditions as it removes pollutants and enhances the performance of materials. The study ascertains the potential of the materials through examination of the mechanical and environmental properties of the hybrid materials to be applied in sustainable building applications.

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Glass Powder, g-C3N4, Mortar, Strength

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Objective: This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the competitive strategies and market dynamics in the pharmaceutical industry of Bangladesh. Given the rapid growth and evolving landscape of this sector, the study seeks to understand the key factors driving competition and market behavior in this context. Methodology: The review employs a systematic literature analysis approach, sourcing data from various academic databases, industry reports, and government publications. Keywords such as "pharmaceutical industry," "Bangladesh," "market dynamics "and" competitive strategies" were used to gather relevant literature from the past decade. The selection process prioritized peer-reviewed articles, industry analysts, and reports focusing on the Bangladeshi market. Results: The findings highlight a dynamic market characterized by aggressive competition, innovation, and regulatory challenges. Key themes include the prevalence of generic drug production, strategies for market entry and expansion, and the impact of global integration on local manufacturers. The study also delves into the diverse marketing tactics employed by companies, the role of technological advancements, and the shifting regulatory landscape. Conclusion: The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh is at a critical juncture, with immense growth potential tempered by significant challenges. The review suggests that for companies to succeed, they must navigate a complex array of market dynamics, including regulatory compliance, innovation, and adaptation to global market trends. The findings of this study have implications for industry stakeholders and policymakers, offering insights for strategic decision-making and policy formulation. Additionally, the study identifies areas for future research, particularly in the context of emerging global challenges and opportunities in the pharmaceutical sector.

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 Keywords

Pharmaceuticals Industry, Competitive strategies, Market dynamics, Bangladesh

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 Abstract

Earned Value Management (EVM) is a sophisticated project management approach that gives a complete picture of how a project is doing by looking at three main areas: scope, schedule, and cost together. Unlike older ways of tracking projects that deal with budget or time separately, EVM brings these together into one system. It measures how much work has actually been done compared to what was planned, helping managers see if a project is on track or if there are problems that need fixing. At the heart of EVM are three main values: Planned Value (PV), which is the budget for the work that was supposed to be done; Earned Value (EV), which shows the value of the work that has actually been completed; and Actual Cost (AC), which is the real money spent on the work done. By comparing these, EVM creates metrics like the Cost Performance Index (CPI) and Schedule Performance Index (SPI). These help to show if a project is staying within budget and on schedule, and they give useful information about whether action is needed to keep things on track. However, to make EVM work well, you need careful planning, accurate data, and a clear understanding of what the project is supposed to achieve. If you set up the baseline wrong, or if data isn't recorded properly, or if people resist using this method, it can lead to problems. So, training and good processes are important for making the most out of EVM. EVM is used in many different fields, like construction, defence, aerospace, IT, and manufacturing, where projects are complex and need tight control over costs and timelines. The ability of EVM to integrate different parts of project performance makes it especially useful in situations where changes to the project scope and budget constraints are common. This paper looks into the basics of EVM, showing how it turns raw data into useful performance measures. It also talks about the challenges people face when using EVM and suggests ways to overcome them. Through examples and industry cases, the paper shows how EVM helps make projects more successful by improving delivery, reducing risks, and helping with better decision-making.

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 Keywords

Project Progress, EVM, Schedule overruns, Cost Overruns, Schedule Variance, Cost Variance.

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This article Hypolipidemic And Anti-Atherogenic looks at how certain medicinal plants can help lower high levels of fats in the blood, which is useful for treating lipid-related issues. It explains how these plants work at a biochemical level to manage fats in the body. The review also shares real-life uses of these plants and how well they work for treating high lipid levels. It includes evidence from studies done on people. For each plant, there is a detailed look at how safe it is and what possible side effects might occur. Looking ahead, the article suggests that more research is needed, including better human studies, clear dosing guidelines, and combining these plants with healthy lifestyle changes. In last few decades, WHO assembly passed several aspects in response to resurgence of interest in the study and use of traditional herbal medicines and in recognition of importance of medicinal plant to primary health care of people in many developing countries. Plants are rich source of secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids etc. which have been implicated for several therapeutics activities. Now days, large number of drugs are derived from plants involving multi-disciplinary approach by combining botanical phytochemical and biological techniques. The medicinal plants have several important advantages for their therapeutic uses in a variety of ailment that is safe in addition being economical, effectiveness and ease of availability. Medicinal plants have the potential to be a natural, effective, and safer way to treat lipid problems and help with obesity around the world.

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Hyperlipidemia, Cardiovascular disease, LDL-C, HDL-C, Antihyperglycemic

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This paper attempts to explore the philosophies underlying the concept of travel over the centuries and their interpretation in literature and thought across different cultures; however, the focus of this paper is not on travel writing. Human beings travel for a wide variety of reasons, ranging from economic betterment, escape from political persecution, better academic and professional prospects, tourism and pilgrimage etc. Globalisation and technological advances in last hundred years have accelerated this process manifold. However, this is a well-established trope in the literature of most cultures, and travel has been represented in range of ways in ancient legends and texts as well as texts written in recent years.

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travel, wandering, philosophy of travel, travel in ancient world, The Odyssey

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Diabetes Prediction, Machine Learning, Ontology, PIMA Indian Dataset, SWRL, SVM, Classification.

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Railway stations are high-traffic environments prone to safety incidents ranging from equipment failures to passenger-related emergencies. Efficient analysis and management of such incidents are crucial for improving operational safety, reducing risk, and informing preventive strategies. This paper presents an unsupervised learning-based approach for extracting actionable insights from unstructured accident logs recorded in railway stations. Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques are applied to clean, preprocess, and vectorize textual incident reports. The core of the methodology involves applying Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) for topic modeling and K-Means clustering for grouping similar incidents. Dimensionality reduction is achieved using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to enhance interpretability and visualization. The resulting system enables the identification of recurring safety issues, latent risk factors, and thematic clusters of incidents. A lightweight Streamlit web interface is also developed to support interactive exploration of incident categories and their severity levels. The proposed unsupervised pipeline facilitates effective monitoring and analysis of safety events in complex transit environments without relying on labeled data, offering significant value for railway safety departments and decision-makers.

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Unsupervised Learning, Topic Modeling, K-Means Clustering, LDA, Railway Safety, NLP, Streamlit.

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A revolutionary approach to teacher preparation that meets the changing needs of education in the future is the Integrated Teacher Education Program (ITEP). Through the seamless integration of pedagogical theories, subject knowledge and practical experience into a curriculum this study critically investigates the role of ITEP in developing qualified future-ready educators. By enhancing pedagogical and professional competencies ITEP prepares teachers to meet the changing demands of education in the future. This study evaluates how well the program prepares educators for new issues like student diversity digital integration and interdisciplinary learning. In order to comprehend the programs, influence on instructional strategies and conformity to international educational standards. It also examines the opinions of stakeholders such as administrators' legislators and teachers. This study which uses a qualitative research methodology collects data through in-depth interviews and thematic analysis of academic literature policy documents and educators and administrators' first-hand experiences. Results show that ITEP bridges the gap between classroom practice and theoretical knowledge by promoting holistic teacher development. Participants emphasize how it supports reflective instruction flexibility in digital learning settings and conformity to international standards for education. The need for ongoing curriculum improvement and institutional implementation barriers however continues to be obstacles. In order to ensure that ITEP is successful in preparing teachers for the future of learning this study highlights its potential to transform teacher education and advocates for strategic policy improvements.

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 Keywords

Integrated Teacher Education Program, Future Education, Teacher Competency, Pedagogical Innovation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper presents a comprehensive Philological analysis tool using AI designed to assist the learners, people who want to gain knowledge of Sanskrit and Proto Dravidian languages. Language is the base of communication and for gaining knowledge. Knowledge that has been used by our ancestors and to know the different concepts, and techniques that were used for solving a particular problem. To see about Sanskrit as we know that it was the language that was mostly used for documentation of the ideas as well as to transfer knowledge from generation to generation over the period of time. One of the speciality is that the language is versatile and is simple to use in that period of time. As the time passed, many languages have evolved from Sanskrit and have given foundation for the present languages in use. The information was stored in the palm leaves and other format as years pass they will be damaged. The another language that we will be dealing is Proto Dravidian language that was basically used in 2500BC around this time. The Proto Dravidian language is an old language that was used in the ancient times and in the present world we can't find the speakers of this language. Due to the gap in the time period. From this language the south Indian languages has evolved over time like Telugu, Tamil, etc. Now, to look back to the origin language will be a huge task for collecting the data as well as to understand it and will be challenging to work on this project so that we can explore the concepts and ideas of the past. In this project we are tried to use the tools of AI in which NLP(Natural Language Processing) is the correct concept with other sub fields of AI. AI is booming in this era and one of the important field for language translation. Translation of Sanskrit and Proto Dravidian languages to English is the main task will be done in this project work for the users to know the meaning and concepts of the past and gain insights of the culture. AI is very much helpful in performing task based on training data and testing data to evaluate the model of the project. This project is helpful when people want to know the information without explicitly learning the language. The process of learning language is not taken as a priority in the work because many people may or may not know the language and gaining knowledge is for everyone and should not be restricted by language boundary. For new learners and people who want to gain knowledge without learning the language can rely on AI for this task of language translation.

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 Keywords

Sanskrit, Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing, Optical Character Recognition, Proto Dravidian language

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The condition of women in Afghanistan is complex and varies across different regimes, yet it is predominantly marked by subservience to patriarchal structures. Khaled Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns offers a vivid depiction of women's experiences as power dynamics shift. This paper analyzes the stereotypical images of Afghan women and examines how the author addresses these representations. A close scrutiny of the novel reveals instances where the author conforms to prevailing prejudices. The portrayal of Afghan women as passive and powerless often elicits sympathy and a sense of responsibility from readers. However, studies indicate Afghan women have actively participated in Afghanistan's reconstruction and are not as helpless as the novel implies. Still, Hosseini's narrative includes redeeming moments, such as Laila securing employment and contributing to Afghanistan's rebuilding.

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 Keywords

Women, Afghanistan, New Historicism

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition