Volume 12 | Issue 9 |

 Abstract

The Hindu joint family system, historically is a cornerstone of Indian society, has seen considerable evolution, especially in the face of modern societal shifts. Traditionally, the joint family structure consisted of several generations living under one roof, sharing common resources, sharing responsibilities, and decision-making as a sole authority of elders. This system promoted strong family's bonds, mutual support, and a collective approach to household management. Migration of people from rural areas to cities in search of employment, education and better life has shifted the family system. Increasing living expenses leads to nuclear families. The younger generations seeks privacy and independence. The transformation of the Hindu joint family system into nuclear family reflects major social changes that occurring in India in recent years. While nuclear families has benefits like independence and flexibility, the erosion of joint family values have long-term implications for social harmony and the traditional support networks that once is the soul of Indian society.

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 Keywords

joint family, modernization, social changes

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Siddha is a unique system of medicine which not only treat ailments symptomatically but also cures the underlying cause of the disease. Siddhars are the forefathers of this system of medicine. They classified diseases and defined medicines accordingly. The medicines are of 2 types, Internal (32) and External (32). One among the internal medicine is vadagam. Kadukkai vadagam is indicated for Swasakasam ( Bronchial asthma). Asthma is acute reversible obstructive disease due to bronchospasam. The common symptoms include cough, wheeze, dyspnea. The occurrence of disease is increased nowadays due to change in climate, diet pattern. This study reveals the biochemical analysis of kadukkai vadagam so that the effectiveness is understood. There is presence of Sulphate, Chloride, Carbonate, Aluminium, Calcium, Ammonium, Sodium, Reducing sugar, Alkaloids, and Tannic acids in Kadukkai vadagam.

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 Keywords

Siddha, Swasakasam, Bronchial asthma, Kadukkai vadagam, Biochemical analysis.

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Background: K?b?s (The incubus phenomenon) is a paroxysmal sleep-related disorder involving episodes of sleep paralysis and apparent wakefulness, accompanied by a sensed presence and a frightening feeling of visuotactile sensation of a person or entity exerting pressure on the thorax. Aim: This paper aims to review existing literature on the incubus phenomenon and provide practical guidance on its diagnosis and management, with a focus on the perspectives and practices of Unani medicine. Method: A comprehensive search was conducted in both contemporary databases and classical Unani texts to gather relevant information. Results: The incubus phenomenon, though relatively unfamiliar, affects approximately 30% of the general population worldwide during their lifetime. Its prevalence is higher among students, psychiatric patients, and those with narcolepsy. It is believed to result from a disruption in REM sleep and subsequent perception intrusion. The condition rarely requires treatment because it is self-limiting and typically occurs only once in a lifetime; however, repeated occurrences may necessitate diagnostic testing and treatment. According to Unani principles, it is attributed to imbalances in the Akhl?? (humors), leading to disruptions in sleep cycles and subsequent sensory intrusions. Management traditionally involves holistic approaches, including pharmacotherapy, regimenal therapies, and lifestyle modifications. Conclusion: While the incubus phenomenon is generally benign, it can be intrusive. Recognition is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis with a psychotic disorder or any other type of severe mental disorders. Treatment strategies in Unani medicine emphasize in restoring the balance of khilt (humors) and addressing underlying causes to alleviate symptoms effectively.

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 Keywords

Kabus, incubus phenomenon, nightmare, REM sleep, Akhl??, Unani Medicine.

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This paper explores the evolution of women's education in 19th century India, focusing on the rise of social reform movements that advocated for this cause despite considerable resistance from traditionalists and constraints imposed by the colonial government. Key reformers such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Jyotirao Phule played pivotal roles in this transformation. The study examines the socio-cultural challenges they faced, the impact of their educational reforms, and the gradual shift in societal attitudes towards women's education. This historical analysis underscores the significance of these reforms in paving the way for future advancements in gender equality in education.

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Women's education, Social reform movements, Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Gender equality.

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This study presents a different approach to get the best features out of Mak's depreciating production-inventory model. Here, the production lot-size model with constant deterioration's exact average total cost expression has been found. Next, the ideal production cycle time and the ideal total inventory cycle time are found using a traditional computerised search procedure. The findings of this study are demonstrated numerically, and they are then contrasted with Mak's methods for figuring out the "optimal" values of the approximation equations.

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Demand, deterioration, inventory, storage

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Objective: The study aims to carry out the motility of spermatozoa plays a crucial role in determining the appropriate infertility treatment strategy and directly impacts the success rate in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Semen samples from participants were taken and divided into three groups biotin treated and pentoxyfilline treated. Methods: Semen samples from the motherhood fertility center (n=65) were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen using a cryoprotective solution buffered with Human serum albumin. The semen samples were post-thawed after 2 weeks and the motile spermatozoa were extracted using the HSA medium supplemented with either pentoxifylline (1nM) or biotin (10nM). After incubation, the post-wash motility was observed for up to 4 hours. Results: Supplementing with biotin and pentoxifylline increased motility overall (p<0.01), progressive (p<0.01), and motility overall for (p<0.05) progressive (p<0.05) v/s biotin and p<0.05 for pentoxifylline respectively. At 4 hours the percentage was found to be 35%. Higher concentrations of the substance (particularly 100nM) generally result in a higher percentage of spermatozoa over time. Total motility shows significant increases post-thaw (P<0.001). Progressive motility increases post-thaw except for a slight decrease in asthenozoospermia. Slightly decreases or remains unchanged post-thaw with a significant decrease in teratozoospermia. At all-time points, there was no discrete variation in the motility between the biotin and pentoxifylline groups (Figure 1). Conclusion: Biotin and pentoxifylline combination might be a secure and useful substitute medium to improve the quality of frozen sperm in an assisted reproductive technology (ART) system.

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Pentoxifylline, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, assisted reproductive technology, post-thaw

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The Malabar Special Police (MSP), established in 1884, is an elite paramilitary unit under the Kerala Police, renowned for its pivotal role in maintaining law and order in the Malabar region of India. Originally formed by the British colonial government to suppress uprisings, such as the notable Malabar Rebellion of 1921, the MSP has evolved to address contemporary security challenges. Its highly trained personnel are adept in counter-insurgency, riot control, and disaster management, equipped with advanced weaponry and tactical skills. Despite facing challenges such as allegations of excessive force and human rights concerns, the MSP continues to be integral in ensuring public safety and stability in Kerala. Through rigorous training and community engagement, the MSP exemplifies the importance of specialized law enforcement in modern policing.

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Malabar Special Police, Kerala Police, Malabar Rebellion, Disaster Management, Law and order

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A business transaction involves a two way action and the payment is the amount given for purchasing a product or taking one service. At this point the need of various modes of payment arises and cashless payments are one among them. The nature of business can be formal or informal. The informal sector comprises a noteworthy section of our economy. The advent of technology has enabled the use of cashless transactions in an easy mode. In India, the popular digital payment methods are through UPI wallets, Internet banking services, payment via Debit and Credit cards, etc., in India, the pandemic situation can be attributed as the motivating force for adoption of digital payments by many people and at the same time the technological advancements in the recent past have strengthened the smooth processing of digital payments. This paper tries to explore the need of digital payments and examines the role of digital payments in informal sector.

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Digital Payments, Informal Sector, Unified Payments Interface

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ABSTRACT: Technology has advanced to make life simpler for people today. These days, everyone is aware of these technologies and their applications, regardless of their age. Technological advancements in mobile phones have made it possible to utilize them for communication and online shopping. Living in the modern world without a mobile device is challenging. In terms of current technology, cell phones have reached a significant milestone where they are now useful for everyone and do the majority of tasks in a single location. The youngsters of today who are in school are sometimes referred to as the "Internet Generation." They are the initial generation to grow up in a technologically advanced planet. Information exchange and an engaging, highly individualized digital environment are made possible by interactive media. Youngsters utilize their mobile devices for apps, communication, gaming, watching movies, and taking photos. Hence study was conducted with the objective enriching programme on knowledge and perception among parents of school children regarding ill effects of smart phone use on health in selected community area. A Quantitative research approach with Quasi experimental design where Pre and post-test with equivalent control group design was used to carry out the study. Parents of school children from selected community area of Bangalore district hose who were fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected by using non probability purposive sampling technique. Structure knowledge questionnaire and Opinniare - Likert scale was prepared to assess the knowledge and perception of parents regarding ill effects of smart phone use on health. The reliability of structured knowledge questionnaire Cronbach's Alpha value 0.67 (good enough) and attitude tool Cronbach's Alpha value 0.98 is excellent. This indicates that tool were reliable. Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings revealed that the knowledge level of parents of school children regarding ill effects of smart phone use on health majority 389 (97.25%) were had Inadequate Knowledge and 11 (2.75%) had Moderate Knowledge and none of the participants had adequate Knowledge. The overall awareness score of parents of school children concerning ill effects of smart phone use on health was 34.33 with 17.85 mean score and 3.417 standard deviation and pre-existing pretest perception score of parents of children regarding ill effects of smart phone use on health, majority 400 (100.0%) were had Unfavorable perception and none of participants had moderately favorable perception and Favorable perception. The overall perception score of parents of school children concerning ill effects of smart phone use on health was 31.56 with 45.44 mean score and 8.186 standard deviation. The mean pretest knowledge score was 17.85 with SD 3.417 and the mean posttest knowledge score was 24.92 with SD of 6.337, the obtained "t" value 20.2 is better than the table value at 0.05 level of implication. The mean pretest perception score was 45.44 with SD 8.186 and the mean posttest perception score was 63.47 with SD of 15.26, the obtained "t" value 20.905 is better than the table value at 0.05 level of implication. Hence, "t" value is found to be significant. It means there is increase in perception level of parents of school children. This supports that enriching programme on regarding ill effects of smart phone use on health is successful in raising the perception on of parents of school children. The results showed the positive impact of the enriching programme on regarding ill effects of smart phone use on health of parents. This demonstrates that an enriching programme developed ill effects of smart phone use on health is effective in boosting parent's knowledge and perception.

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Key words: Enriching programme, knowledge, perception, ill effects of smart phone use, health.

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The current Nigerian author Chinua Achebe is regarded as one of the key characters in the continent's Anti-Colonial literature. His unique approach to colonial challenges in Africa and use of creative language set his writings apart from other writers. Things Fall Apart, Achebe's debut work, is the clearest example of this trait in him. This is a notable work of Postcolonial literature that explores what happens to a powerful Nigerian during colonialism, providing hitherto unseen insight into African culture. In Things, Chinua Achebe in order to inspire confidence, Fall Apart symbolizes the Igbo's cultural origins. And the many themes his works cover are culture and colonialism, politics, tradition and history. Tradition is significant in Things Fall Apart because the book serves as an example of how traditions of a civilization should be upheld. When people from other cultures start to invade a society and put the native culture in jeopardy, it is more crucial than ever to preserve the traditions of such nations. Things Fall Apart deals with how the prospect and reality of change affect various characters. This paper assigns the concept of tradition in Things Fall Apart.

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Tradition, Colonialism, Culture and History.

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