Volume 14 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Human skin is a complex ecological interface that supports diverse microbial communities while simultaneously restricting invasion by pathogens. Bacterial colonization is shaped by anatomical site, sebum, moisture, pH, temperature, oxygen availability, host immunity, age, genetics, environmental exposure, hygiene and antimicrobial use. Classical culture-based studies identified common skin residents such as Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium and Cutibacterium, whereas 16S rRNA sequencing and shotgun metagenomics have revealed substantially greater taxonomic and functional diversity and highlighted strong site- and person-specific patterns. Colonization is not simply the presence of bacteria on the surface; organisms interact with keratinocytes, sebaceous glands, immune cells and other microbes, forming a dynamic system of competition, cooperation and metabolic exchange. Commensals can provide colonization resistance through nutrient competition, bacteriocins and other antimicrobial molecules, while some strains can become pathobionts when barrier function or microbial community structure is disturbed. Dysbiosis has been associated with acne, atopic dermatitis, wound infection and other inflammatory or infectious skin disorders. Importantly, strain-level variation may be more informative than species-level abundance for understanding disease, as demonstrated for Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. Emerging strategies include narrow-spectrum antimicrobials, bacteriophages, live biotherapeutic products, prebiotics, postbiotics, microbial transplantation and personalized microbiome profiling. This review summarizes current knowledge of bacterial colonization, emphasizes mechanisms and ecological context, discusses methodological limitations, and identifies research priorities required to translate skin microbiome science into safe and effective clinical interventions.

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 Keywords

Skin microbiome; bacterial colonization; Cutibacterium acnes; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Staphylococcus aureus; dysbiosis; metagenomics; microbiome therapeutics

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ABSTRACT Background: Dental hygiene is an important component of child health, and inadequate oral hygiene may contribute to dental caries and other oral health problems. School-based assessment of knowledge and practice can help identify areas for health education. Objectives: To assess the level of knowledge and practice regarding dental hygiene among school-going children, determine the correlation between knowledge and practice, and examine their association with selected socio-demographic variables. Methods: A quantitative, non-experimental descriptive design was used among 60 children studying in the 6th and 7th standards at Government Sardar Gopal Singh Middle School, Kishanganj, Bihar. Non-probability convenience sampling was used. Data were collected using a socio-demographic proforma, a 12-item self-structured knowledge questionnaire, and a 10-item practice checklist. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used; correlation between knowledge and practice was assessed using a correlation coefficient. Results: Among the 60 children, 48.3% had moderately adequate knowledge, 40.0% had adequate knowledge, and 11.7% had inadequate knowledge. Adequate dental hygiene practice was reported by 85.0%, while 15.0% had inadequate practice. Knowledge was not significantly correlated with practice (r = -0.102, p = 0.436). No significant association was found between knowledge level and age, gender, dietary pattern, residence, parental education, family income, or previous knowledge. Likewise, practice was not significantly associated with the selected demographic variables. Conclusion: Most children demonstrated adequate practice but only moderate knowledge. The absence of a significant relationship between knowledge and practice indicates the need for continuing, age-appropriate and school-based oral health education rather than relying on knowledge alone.

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Keywords: dental hygiene; school-going children; knowledge; practice; oral health; school health.

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This abstract presents an assessment of the current state of public sector accounting in India, analyzing the ongoing transition from a traditional cash-based system to modern accrual-based standards. The move towards adopting frameworks like the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) is a critical reform aimed at enhancing financial transparency, accountability, and governance. The paper evaluates the key drivers for this reform, including the need for more accurate and comprehensive financial reporting to improve public trust and enable better decision-making. Despite the clear benefits, the assessment identifies significant challenges to successful implementation. These obstacles include a general resistance to change, a scarcity of skilled accounting professionals with expertise in accrual-based systems, and the need for substantial investment in upgraded IT infrastructure. Additionally, the complex legal and regulatory environment presents a unique hurdle. The findings suggest that while initial progress has been made, a comprehensive and phased approach is required. To fully realize the benefits of modernized accounting, it is essential to focus on strategic capacity building, political commitment, and technological integration.

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Accounting,India, Public Sector Enterprises

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: In this paper, photo degradation of benzimidazole using benzophenone (methyl orange) as a fumigant, 2(-4) thiazolyl and luminescent in an acidic and neutral media is carried out. Photochemical reactions rely on the source of the reaction. For instance, 2-(-4 thiazole) benzimidazole (2 grams of powder) was dissolved in 200 milliliters of dried and distilled ethyl alcohol and 0.01 grams of fumigant under sunlight, ultraviolet light, and visible light. For around 40 to 50 hours, the solution combination was luminescent when exposed to 125-w and 250-w mercury vapor lamps. Every ten hours, the chromatography of the thin layer approach allowed for the regular observation of the reaction mixture's progress. Two fresh spots showed up on TLC plates after 41 and 55 hours. The final products have a variety of biological qualities, such as being used as a primary treatment for fungal diseases and stomach warm mold. They are also frequently used in anti-parasitic medications to treat roundworms, hookworms, and parasitic worms called Helminthes. Blood vessels are formed from an existing structure (angiogenesis) in vertebrates by genes that are important for the preservation of cell walls in yeast. These genes also function to prevent the creation of blood vessels in human cells and frog embryos. Additionally, it has been demonstrated to be a vascular-disrupting agent that lowers blood flow and promotes tumor development. This paper also presents the electronic image of 2(-4 Thiazoly) Benzimidazole which refers to a visual representation that shows how electrons are distributed within the molecule.

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Photo degradation-luminescence, Benzimidazole, Thiazolyl, Photochemical reactions, Photodynamic Therapy (PTD).

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Peptic ulcer disease is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by damage to the protective lining of the stomach or upper intestine and is associated with factors such as gastric acid, Helicobacter pylori infection, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and other contributing conditions. Nitric oxide (NO) has an important role in gastrointestinal protection by supporting mucosal blood flow and tissue repair. Conventional oral dosage forms may have limitations including difficulty in swallowing, dependence on water, delayed relief, and reduced patient convenience. The present work focuses on NitroCure, a nitric oxide-generating mouth dissolving tablet (MDT) developed as a patient-friendly approach for peptic ulcer management. The formulation was designed to provide rapid tablet dispersion while maintaining satisfactory mechanical strength, palatability, and pharmaceutical quality. Croscarmellose sodium was incorporated to promote rapid disintegration, mannitol to improve taste and mouthfeel, PVP K-30 as a binder, and magnesium stearate and talc as processing aids, while citric acid supported rapid dispersion and palatability. The prepared tablets were evaluated for relevant pharmaceutical parameters, including flow properties, weight variation, hardness, friability, wetting time, and disintegration. The formulation demonstrated satisfactory flow properties, uniformity, adequate mechanical strength, and rapid dispersion. The reported friability was 0.76%, indicating good resistance to mechanical stress, while the wetting time was 36.5 seconds, demonstrating rapid water absorption and supporting quick tablet dispersion. Overall, NitroCure MDT showed desirable pharmaceutical characteristics and met the intended quality requirements. The developed formulation represents a promising patient-friendly platform for further investigation of nitric oxide-based approaches in peptic ulcer management. Further optimization, stability studies, and appropriate in-vitro and in-vivo investigations are required to establish its therapeutic potential.

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 Keywords

Peptic ulcer disease, Mouth dissolving tablets, Nitric oxide, Oral drug delivery system, Superdisintegrants, Gastric mucosal healing.

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Yoga, Middle-aged women, Housewives, Physiological health, Blood pressure, Resting heart rate, Respiratory rate, Body mass index, Quasi-experimental study.

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Poverty reduction and inclusive growth are two of the most important objectives of India's economic development strategy. Economic growth is essential for increasing national income, employment and productive capacity, but growth alone does not automatically ensure that the benefits of development reach all sections of society. Inclusive growth seeks to ensure that the opportunities and benefits generated by economic development are accessible to disadvantaged groups, rural populations, women, small farmers, informal workers, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other economically vulnerable communities. India has made considerable progress in reducing poverty over the past few decades through economic growth, employment generation, social protection, financial inclusion, rural development, improved access to basic services and targeted welfare programmes. Recent evidence indicates a substantial reduction in poverty. The World Bank's updated analysis reports that the proportion of India's population living below the lower-middle-income poverty line of $4.20 per person per day declined from 57.7 percent in 2011-12 to 23.9 percent in 2022-23. Extreme poverty, measured using the updated international line of $3 per person per day, declined from 27.1 percent to 5.3 percent over the same period. NITI Aayog has also reported a significant decline in multidimensional poverty, with the estimated proportion falling from 29.17 percent in 2013-14 to 11.28 percent in 2022-23, implying that 24.82 crore people moved out of multidimensional poverty during the nine-year period. Despite this progress, India continues to face challenges relating to inequality, quality employment, regional disparities, rural vulnerability, gender gaps, informal employment, human capital and access to quality public services. This article examines the relationship between poverty reduction and inclusive growth in India and argues that sustainable poverty reduction requires not only faster economic growth but also employment-intensive development, human capital investment, social protection, financial inclusion, women's economic participation and balanced regional development.

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 Keywords

Poverty, Inclusive Growth, Economic Development, Employment, Inequality, Social Protection, Financial Inclusion, Rural Development, India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Benzoxazole, Thiazole, Molecular Hybridization, Anti-inflammatory Agents, Protein Denaturation Assay, Diclofenac Sodium.

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This study investigated peer pressure among higher secondary students in Aizawl North II Constituency across gender, locality, and class level. Using a descriptive survey design, data was gathered from 375 students selected via stratified proportionate random sampling using the standardized Peer Pressure Scale by Sandeep Singh and Sunil Saini. Results showed that most students (51.2%) experienced moderate peer pressure, while 24% and 24.8% reported high and low levels, respectively. The t-test analysis revealed significant gender differences (t = 3.058, p < 0.01), with male students scoring higher than females. Class XII students also reported significantly higher peer pressure (M = 65.78) than Class XI students (M = 61.78, t = 3.19, p < 0.01). Conversely, no significant difference was observed between urban and rural origin students (t = 0.876). These findings emphasize the need for targeted counseling and supportive school environments to help adolescents manage socio-academic pressures.

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Peer pressure, Higher Secondary Students, Adolescence, Gender Differences.

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This work examines natural-language computational tasks involving substantial uncertainty. It reviews debates on uncertainty modeling in probability and possibility theory, including Zadeh's claim that some Computing with Words tasks are unsuitable for probabilistic treatment. It proposes a constructive probabilistic approach using specialized Kolmogorov-measure probability spaces to clarify the relationship between the two theories. Introduced by L. A. Zadeh in the late 1970s, possibility theory models flexible restrictions from vague information. As a non-classical uncertainty theory, it differs from probability theory while remaining closely related to it. The discussion also highlights key similarities and differences between possibility theory and other uncertainty frameworks, especially probability theory.

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Natural language, Possibility theory, Probability theory, Relationship.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition