Volume 14 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

This research paper explores the application of isovist analysis in understanding spatial perception and visibility within different architectural typologies. The study examines four typologies--modern residences, traditional Chettinad houses, campus environments, and forts--to evaluate how spatial organization influences visibility, movement, and user experience. Spatial analyses were conducted by second- and third-year architecture students using the concept of isovists as a tool for interpreting built environments. The study compares openness, enclosure, connectivity, and visual accessibility across the selected typologies. The findings demonstrate how isovist analysis can reveal the relationship between architectural form and human spatial behavior, thereby contributing to architectural research and design methodologies.

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 Keywords

Isovist Analysis, Spatial Visibility, Spatial Perception, Architectural Typologies, Space Syntax, Visual Connectivity, Spatial Organization, Movement Patterns, Built Environment, Architectural Research, Modern Residence, Chettinad House, Campus Planning, Fort Architecture

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Marriage is often regarded as one of the most meaningful and transformative milestones in life. It symbolizes love, commitment, companionship, and the hope of building a secure future together. However, for many young married couples in contemporary India, the transition from courtship to marital life is accompanied by increasing interpersonal stress that silently erodes emotional intimacy and relationship satisfaction. Rapid socioeconomic changes, evolving gender roles, financial pressures, technological dependence, changing family structures, and rising expectations have reshaped the institution of marriage, making young couples more vulnerable to psychological and relational conflicts (Fincham & Beach, 2018; Story & Bradbury, 2021). This review explores the hidden psychosocial determinants of interpersonal stress among young married couples in India by synthesizing contemporary evidence from psychology, family studies, sociology, and public health. The article highlights how individual psychological characteristics, ineffective communication, work-life imbalance, family dynamics, cultural expectations, economic uncertainty, and digital technology collectively influence marital relationships (Falconier et al., 2015; Karney & Bradbury, 2020). Furthermore, it discusses the emotional and mental health consequences of prolonged interpersonal stress, including anxiety, depression, marital dissatisfaction, emotional withdrawal, and reduced relationship quality (Rehman et al., 2018; Robles et al., 2014). Understanding these interconnected factors is essential for developing culturally appropriate preventive and therapeutic interventions. The review concludes that strengthening emotional intelligence, communication skills, resilience, family support, and evidence-based psychological interventions can significantly reduce interpersonal stress and promote healthier marital relationships among young Indian couples (World Health Organization [WHO], 2022).

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Interpersonal stress, young married couples, psychosocial factors, marriage, India, marital adjustment, communication, mental health.

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Climate change has created one of the biggest challenges to global agricultural sustainability, with increasing negative impacts on livelihoods and food security. The continued alteration of global climate and weather systems, as well as the ongoing reduction in global levels of agricultural diversity, has adversely affected world agricultural production systems. The challenge of modern-day agriculture has led to a renewed focus on community-based agricultural production systems. The greatest potential for positive adaptation to the threats of climate change is through the adoption of agro-ecological practices. Agro-ecology is the application of ecological principles to agricultural systems. Within the context of sustainable development, agro-ecology uses ecological knowledge, principles and agricultural systems to sustainably transform the world's agricultural production systems. Restructuring world agricultural production systems to make them more ecologically stable requires the adaptation of agricultural systems to reduce environmental degradation and to enhance the productivity of agricultural systems. The greatest bearing on the future of the world's agriculture is the restoration of the world's agricultural production systems to make them ecologically sustainable.

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 Keywords

Agro-ecology, Climate resilience, Crop diversification, Community participation, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, Sustainable agriculture.

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Marma is an important concept in Ayurvedic anatomy, representing specific anatomical regions of the body where vital structures are situated and where injury may result in pain, functional impairment, deformity, or even death. Among the Marmas of the upper limb, Koorpara Marma occupies an important position. It is described as a Sandhi Marma and is classified as a Vaikalyakara Marma. Anatomically, Koorpara Marma is situated at the junction of the Bahu and Prabahu, corresponding broadly to the region of the elbow joint.

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Koorpara Marma, Koorpara Sandhi, Marma Sharira, Sandhi Marma, Vaikalyakara Marma, Elbow Joint

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Chettinad residential architecture represents one of the most distinctive vernacular architectural traditions of South India, known for its unique spatial organization, climatic responsiveness, and cultural richness. However, limited research has explored how these houses create aesthetic and spatial experiences through visual perception and architectural composition. This study examines the aesthetic and spatial qualities of Chettinad houses using the frameworks of formal, functional, meaningful, and sustainable beauty. Particular attention is given to silhouette complexity, cone of vision, and the relationship between built mass and fenestration in shaping visual and spatial experiences. A qualitative case study approach was adopted, focusing on Chettinad residences in Kothamangalam, Tamil Nadu. Data were gathered through field observations, photographic documentation, spatial mapping, sequential experiential analysis, and a review of relevant literature. The study evaluates silhouette complexity from selected viewpoints, examines mass-fenestration relationships in relation to climate and aesthetics, and analyzes how spatial perception evolves from the public street to private interior spaces using cone of vision theory. The findings reveal that Chettinad houses successfully combine climatic efficiency, cultural symbolism, and carefully designed spatial experiences through a well-structured sequence of spaces. Based on these findings, the study proposes a five-point planning framework that offers valuable insights for integrating traditional wisdom into contemporary sustainable architectural design.

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 Keywords

Thinnai, Mutram, Cone of Vision, Silhouette Complexity, Fenestration, Thermal Mass, Sequential Experience.

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The rapid development of digital technologies has fundamentally transformed contemporary society and created new possibilities for communication, governance, education, economic activity and political participation. At the same time, the growing dependence on digital technologies has generated significant challenges for the protection of human rights. Privacy, freedom of expression and digital inclusion have emerged as three interconnected dimensions of human rights in the digital age. The large-scale collection and processing of personal data, online surveillance, cyber threats, algorithmic decision-making and inadequate data protection mechanisms create new risks to privacy and individual autonomy. Similarly, digital platforms have expanded opportunities for freedom of expression while simultaneously creating challenges associated with misinformation, hate speech, online harassment, censorship and content moderation. Digital exclusion presents another important concern because unequal access to digital infrastructure, devices, affordable connectivity and digital literacy can deepen existing social and economic inequalities. This paper examines the relationship between human rights and digital society, focusing particularly on privacy, freedom of expression and digital inclusion. The study adopts a qualitative and descriptive research methodology based on secondary sources, including scholarly literature, international human rights instruments, institutional reports, legal documents and policy materials. The findings indicate that digital technologies can contribute significantly to the realisation of human rights when they are accessible, inclusive, transparent and accountable. However, without appropriate safeguards, digitalisation can also create new forms of surveillance, discrimination and exclusion. The paper argues that a human-rights-based approach to digital governance is essential to reconcile technological innovation with human dignity, equality, liberty and justice.

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Human Rights, Digital Society, Privacy, Freedom of Expression, Digital Inclusion, Digital Divide, Data Protection, Digital Governance, Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper examines the socio-political landscape of Kodagu (Coorg), a distinct highland region in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. It examines how diverse kinds of political activism have been shaped by historical privileges, cultural uniqueness, and ecological weaknesses. Activism in Kodagu exhibits a complex interplay between ethnic identity and regional preservation, ranging from anti-colonial efforts to modern aspirations for geopolitical sovereignty and environmental conservation. The study explores the mobilization strategies of key ethno-political organisations, the Codava National Council (CNC), as well as current environmental movements opposing major infrastructure projects. Through a qualitative analysis of historical texts, ethnographic observations, and contemporary political discourses, this paper argues that political activism in Kodagu functions as a defensive mechanism against perceived cultural assimilation, demographic shifts, and ecological degradation. It highlights how regional groups negotiate their identities within the broader context of Karnataka's state politics and the Indian federal structure.

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Political Activism, Kodagu, cultural uniqueness, environmental movements

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The demographics, motives, business performance, and obstacles of women entrepreneurs are the main topics of this study, which looks at how they affect the expansion and development of MSMEs in Tamil Nadu. The goal of the study is to comprehend how women support local economic development, innovation, employment creation, and turnover growth. The research design used was both descriptive and analytical. Using a standardized questionnaire, 400 female entrepreneurs from different districts provided primary data. A stratified random sample technique made sure that all business kinds and sectors were represented. For data interpretation, descriptive statistics, mean score analysis, and hypothesis testing methods including ANOVA and Chi-square were used. According to the research, the majority of female entrepreneurs are young, have just a moderate level of education, and run sole proprietorships.Their companies have a good impact on sustainability, job development, and operational effectiveness. Low profitability, restricted access to financing, and a lack of market expansion, however, continue to be obstacles. Strong entrepreneurial potential is indicated by high scores in compliance, teamwork, and diversity. The report emphasizes how women-led MSMEs may foster inclusive economic growth and community resilience in a revolutionary way. In order to increase women's involvement in entrepreneurship and lessen gender inequities in the MSME ecosystem, it emphasizes the necessity of focused interventions including financial inclusion, capacity-building, and market access support.

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 Keywords

Women Entrepreneurship, MSMEs, Tamil Nadu, Business Performance, Inclusive Growth, Employment Generation, Financial Access, Market Expansion, Gender Empowerment

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This paper presents the design, simulation, and comparative optimisation of a grid-connected hybrid microgrid for Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College (GNDEC), Ludhiana, using HOMER Pro. The study evaluates solar photovoltaic (PV), biomass generation, battery storage, converter, and utility-grid combinations against a conventional grid-only configuration. The campus annual electrical demand is 3,219,990 kWh/year, with an average daily demand of 8,822 kWh/day and a maximum recorded peak of 773 kW. Six system cases and a grid-only base configuration were simulated over 8760 hours using technical, economic, renewable-energy, and environmental indicators. The comparative results identify the PV-biomass-grid configuration (Case 2) as the best overall option, with a Net Present Cost (NPC) of INR156.95 million, Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of INR2.97/kWh, renewable fraction of 79.6%, grid dependency of 18.3%, and annual CO? emissions of 75,268 kg/year. Case 1, which adds battery storage, gives an NPC of about INR156 million, LCOE of INR2.98/kWh, renewable fraction of 79.4%, and emissions of 81,855 kg/year. Compared with the grid-only base, the selected configuration substantially reduces lifecycle cost, electricity cost, grid dependence, and emissions while maintaining zero unmet load and zero capacity shortage.

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 Keywords

Hybrid microgrid; Solar PV; Biomass; HOMER Pro; Techno-economic optimisation

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 Abstract

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources and electric vehicles (EVs) has introduced new challenges in maintaining the stability and reliability of modern microgrids. Conventional control methods often struggle to manage the dynamic and uncertain nature of power generation and demand. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology enables electric vehicles to act as distributed energy storage systems by supplying power back to the grid whenever required. This paper presents a Rein-forcement Learning (RL)-Based Vehicle-to-Grid control system for microgrid stability using a tabular Q-learning agent. The proposed system uses a reinforcement learning algorithm to determine the optimal charging and discharging schedules of EV batteries based on real-time microgrid conditions. The RL agent continuously learns from the operating environment and makes intelligent decisions to minimize frequency deviations, reduce voltage fluctuations, improve power balance, and enhance overall system reliability. The proposed model includes renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV), battery energy storage systems (BESS), electric vehicles, and utility grid support. The system is developed and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate its performance under different operating conditions. Simulation results demonstrate improved microgrid stability, ef-ficient energy management, reduced dependence on conventional generators, and enhanced utilization of renewable energy sources.

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 Keywords

Vehicle-to-Grid, Reinforcement Learning, Q-Learning, Microgrid Stability, Electric Vehicles, Battery Energy Storage System, Renewable Energy Integration.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition