Volume 14 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in applications such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, industrial automation, and smart infrastructure. However, the limited energy resources, dynamic network conditions, and vulnerability of sensor nodes create significant challenges for reliable and secure communication. Conventional routing protocols generally rely on static routing decisions and may not effectively respond to changing network conditions or malicious behaviour. This paper proposes an adaptive trust-aware routing framework that integrates trust evaluation with Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to improve routing decisions in wireless sensor networks. The proposed approach continuously evaluates node behaviour based on communication reliability and network characteristics and incorporates the resulting trust information into the routing decision process. A DRL-based agent is designed to learn suitable routing actions according to the current network state, thereby enabling adaptive selection of reliable communication paths. The methodology focuses on improving secure and efficient data transmission while reducing unnecessary routing overhead and energy consumption. The proposed framework is designed to be evaluated using performance measures such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, routing overhead, and network lifetime. The study provides a methodology-oriented approach for combining intelligent decision-making and trust management in WSN routing and establishes a foundation for future simulation-based validation under different network and security conditions.

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 Keywords

Wireless Sensor Networks, Deep Reinforcement Learning, Trust-Aware Routing, Secure Routing, Energy Efficiency, Adaptive Routing

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Effective listening is a fundamental communication skill that supports academic comprehension, information processing, and meaningful participation in classroom learning. However, research examining the relationship between listening skills and classroom engagement among Indian secondary school students remains limited. This study aimed to assess listening skills and classroom engagement among students in Grades 9-12 and examine the relationship between these variables. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed with 160 students recruited through convenience sampling from selected schools in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Listening skills were measured using the HURIER Listening Profile, and classroom engagement was assessed using the Classroom Engagement Inventory. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation in IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26. The findings indicated that most students demonstrated adequate listening skills across all HURIER dimensions, while classroom engagement was moderately high (M = 72.94, SD = 7.46). Significant gender differences were observed across all listening dimensions, with male students scoring higher than female students. Emotional engagement also differed significantly by gender. However, no significant correlations were found between listening skills and overall classroom engagement or its subscales (p > .05). These findings suggest that although students possess satisfactory listening competencies, listening skills alone may not predict classroom engagement. Other factors, including motivational, interpersonal, and instructional influences, may play a more substantial role in shaping student engagement.

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listening skills, classroom engagement, secondary school students, HURIER model, student engagement, educational psychology.

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For more than sixty years it was unclear whether the Constitution of India protected privacy at all. That uncertainty ended on 24 August 2017, when a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court in Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India unanimously held that privacy is a fundamental right flowing from Articles 14, 19 and 21, and that any interference by the State must satisfy the tests of legality, legitimate aim, proportionality and adequate procedural safeguards. Parliament responded only in 2023, and the Rules giving effect to that statute were notified on 13 November 2025, under which the main duties of data fiduciaries become binding only by 13 May 2027. The research problem is the distance between what the Constitution now promises and what the statutory framework delivers. The study traces the evolution of privacy in Indian constitutional jurisprudence, examines the statutory framework now governing personal data and State surveillance, measures digital expansion and privacy-related harm from official data, and sets the Indian framework against the General Data Protection Regulation. The central question is whether the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 satisfies the proportionality standard laid down in Puttaswamy. The hypothesis is that constitutional recognition of privacy in India has outpaced its statutory realisation, and that the present framework disciplines private data fiduciaries far more effectively than it disciplines the State. The design is doctrinal and descriptive-analytical, and uses secondary data only, drawn from peer-reviewed journal articles, academic books, reported judgments, and official reports of TRAI, the National Crime Records Bureau, UIDAI, the Reserve Bank of India, CERT-In, MeitY, the World Bank, UNCTAD and the ITU. Thematic analysis, doctrinal analysis and descriptive statistics have been applied, and every figure has been traced to a named official publication. Six findings emerge. Broadband subscribers rose from 131.49 million in November 2015 to 1,065.88 million by March 2026. Cybercrime cases registered by the National Crime Records Bureau rose from 52,974 in 2021 to 86,420 in 2023, an increase of about 63 per cent in two years. A wide urban-rural gap persists, with tele-density of 151.47 per cent in urban India against 60.46 per cent in rural India in March 2026, which limits the usefulness of a consent-based law. The Indian statute is narrower than the General Data Protection Regulation, providing no right to data portability, no separate category of sensitive personal data and no safeguard against automated decision-making. Broad State exemptions under Section 17, an executive-appointed Data Protection Board and the amendment of the Right to Information Act, 2005 by Section 44(3) weaken accountability. Most significantly, no surveillance reform has followed Puttaswamy: interception under Section 69 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and Section 5(2) of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 still requires no prior judicial authorisation. The paper concludes that the constitutional promise of 2017 remains only partly realised. It recommends an independent regulator, prior judicial authorisation for interception, restoration of the public-interest override in the Right to Information Act, a safeguard against automated decisions, and digital literacy in regional languages so that consent becomes meaningful.

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 Keywords

right to privacy; Puttaswamy; Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023; surveillance; data protection; proportionality; digital India

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Female labour force participation is an important indicator of women's economic empowerment, gender equality, and inclusive economic development. Despite improvements in women's education and socioeconomic conditions, female participation in the labour market in India continues to remain substantially below male participation, with considerable variations across rural and urban areas, age groups, and states. The present study examines the trends and patterns of female labour force participation in India using secondary data obtained from the Census of India and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) published by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). The study analyses historical rural female work participation and recent labour force participation rates under usual status and current weekly status, with particular attention to women aged 15 years and above and young women aged 15-29 years. The findings indicate an overall improvement in female labour force participation in recent years, particularly in rural areas. However, substantial gender and rural-urban disparities continue to persist. Female participation among young women remains considerably lower than male participation, while significant interstate variations are also observed. Andhra Pradesh records a female labour force participation rate among young women that is above the national average, although a considerable gender gap remains. The findings suggest that the recent rise in female labour force participation should be assessed not only in terms of increased participation but also in relation to the nature, security, and quality of employment. The study emphasizes the need for policies promoting education and skill development, decent employment, entrepreneurship, childcare support, workplace safety, social security, and equal employment opportunities to achieve sustained and meaningful improvement in women's participation in India's labour market.

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Female Labour Force Participation, Rural-Urban Disparities, Periodic Labour Force Survey

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The rapid transformation of the digital environment has changed not only how children communicate and participate online, but also how child sexual exploitation and abuse material (CSEAM) can be created, stored, shared and repeatedly circulated. Social-media platforms, messaging services, cloud infrastructure and, more recently, generative artificial intelligence have created digital spaces in which harmful material can travel across borders within seconds and remain accessible long after the original abuse has occurred. The continuing circulation of such material can therefore prolong the violation of a child's dignity, privacy and personal security. These developments raise an increasingly difficult legal question as to what extent should online platforms be held responsible for unlawful material that they did not themselves create but that is transmitted or hosted through their services? This question has gained particular significance in India following the Supreme Court's decision in Just Rights for Children Alliance & Anr. v. S. Harish & Ors., 2024 INSC 716, which adopted a broader understanding of digital possession in the context of child sexual-abuse material under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO). The Court's reasoning demonstrated the need to interpret child-protection law in light of contemporary digital realities. The issue has now moved towards a more complex institutional question. In 2026, the Supreme Court agreed to examine a plea concerning the possible prosecution of online platforms under POCSO in cases involving the hosting of, or failure to report, child sexual-abuse material. Although the proceedings remain pending and do not establish criminal liability against intermediaries, they bring into sharper focus the relationship between POCSO's reporting obligations and the conditional safe-harbour protection available under the Information Technology Act, 2000. Generative artificial intelligence further complicates this legal landscape. AI-generated images, manipulated photographs, synthetic videos and other forms of digitally fabricated sexual material involving children challenge conventional understandings of creation, possession and dissemination. This article examines these developments through the broader framework of intermediary liability, platform governance and digital constitutionalism. It argues that Indian law should move beyond the rigid choice between intermediary immunity and automatic platform liability and instead adopt a proportionate, capability-based model of responsibility. Under this approach, platform responsibility would be assessed in light of knowledge, technological capability, and degree of control, foreseeable risk and compliance with statutory duties. Such a framework can strengthen child protection while preserving the constitutional values of privacy, freedom of expression, due process and responsible technological innovation.

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Keywords: POCSO, intermediary liability, child sexual abuse material, CSEAM, artificial intelligence, generative AI, platform governance, safe harbor, digital constitutionalism, India.

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This study examines, the structural aspects of Neutrosophic Pythagorean Cubic Soft Sets in the context of BCK/BCI-algebra and subalgebras along with their related properties. Moreover, we present several significant results associated with them.

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NPCSS, NPCSS BCK/BCI algebra

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This paper examines the psychoanalysis of displacement in Munshi Premchand's Godan, focusing on the illusion of self-reliance, identity crisis, and changing paradigms of exploitation. Displacement is interpreted not merely as geographical migration but as a psychological and socio-economic condition that reshapes individual consciousness. Through a psychoanalytic approach, the study explores how Hori's aspiration for dignity and self-reliance gradually transforms into alienation under the pressures of caste, class, debt, and social hierarchy. The paper argues that the promise of self-reliance often conceals deeper mechanisms of exploitation, resulting in fractured identity and persistent psychological conflict. By integrating literary analysis with psychoanalytic theory, the study highlights the enduring relevance of Godan in understanding the psychological dimensions of displacement and exploitation in both colonial and contemporary contexts. The research contributes to interdisciplinary discussions on Hindi literature, psychology, and migration studies.

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Godan, Munshi Premchand, Displacement, Psychoanalysis, Identity Crisis, Exploitation, Hindi Literature, Migration, Social Psychology

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Prachin Bharat Mein Jal Sansadhan Prabandhan Aur Paramparik Jal Pranaliyan: Ek Avalokan

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Prachin Bharat Mein Jal Sansadhan Prabandhan Aur Paramparik Jal Pranaliyan: Ek Avalokan

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The digital transformation of higher education has expanded students' access to search engines, learning management systems, online courses, video resources, virtual meeting platforms, electronic scholarly resources and artificial intelligence applications. This study examines the pattern of digital tool usage and the major challenges faced by higher education students in using digital technologies for learning. The analysis is based on 564 responses collected from Higher education pursuing students from Coimbatore District. The Analysis shows that Google Search has the highest mean usage score, followed by SWAYAM/NPTEL) and Google Classroom. YouTube and AI Chat Bots share a mean of, while zoom/Google Meet and online libraries/e-journals record lower values respectively. The study also examines barriers measured on a five-point scale. The results reveal a strong preference for accessible and user-friendly digital resources, while scholarly e-resources and synchronous platforms are comparatively underused. The findings highlight the need to improve digital infrastructure, affordability, training, academic resource awareness and responsible technology use.

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Digital learning tools, higher education, SWAYAM, NPTEL, Google Classroom, AI chatbots, e-resources, digital barriers

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Hospitalized children; Anxiety; Pain perception; Structured play; Therapeutic communication; Pediatric nursing; Randomized controlled trial.

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