Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

The emergence of antibiotic resistance especially by multi-drug resistant pathogens has created a crucial need for novel antibacterial agents from natural sources. This study explores the antibacterial efficacy of methanol leaf extract of Cassia fistula against clinical pathogens and evaluates its mechanism of action using bioinformatics tools. The leaves were subjected to methanol extraction and the extracts were tested by agar well diffusion method, phytochemical analysis and in silico analysis. The extract showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone ranging from 10 to 17 mm. Phytochemical screening identified the presence of tannins, glycosides, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids which was further supported by thin layer chromatography. GC-MS analysis identified 90 compounds, of which 21 exhibited potential antibacterial activity. Six phytocompounds were selected for molecular docking based on ADME profiling. Myo-inositol 4-C-methyl exhibited the highest binding affinity especially with elongation factor P and the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase of E. coli and E. faecalis. These findings show that C. fistula could be a potential source of antibacterial agents. Additional in vivo and clinical testing is required to validate these results and explore synergistic effect with standard antibiotics.

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Cassia fistula, antibacterial activity, phytocompounds, GC-MS, molecular docking, ADME profiling.

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"The Preamble to our Constitution states that all citizens have the right to political and social equality. Who constitutes the largest minority group in this country? It is women. They comprise approximately 48 percent of the population. This is, fundamentally, a matter of women's political equality." -- Justice Nagaratna Abstract: India, the world's largest democracy, has long lagged behind in the sphere of women's political participation. The number of women in both central and state legislatures has remained relatively very low compared to that of men. Against this backdrop, the demand for women's reservation has been raised continuously for decades. The 106th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2023, popularly known as the "Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam," was passed on Sept. 2023. It marked a major step in India's legislative history by strengthening women's political representation and promoting greater gender equality in governance. This Act is in line with the "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women" (CEDAW), which requires States to guarantee equality in public and political participation. By increasing women's political rights and addressing gender gaps in political representation, this represents a major turning point in India's legislative history. CEDAW promotes equality in public and political life. It also encourages countries to adopt temporary special measures, such as gender quotas, to speed up equal representation. The ideas behind these measures are reflected in this Act, which aims to strengthen women's participation in politics. Through this Act, women have been granted 33% reservation in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies. Although this Act represents a significant achievement in the direction of women's empowerment, its implementation has given rise to numerous constitutional and political challenges. This research paper analyzes various judicial decisions preceding the 2023 amendment and studies the inherent shortcomings of the legislation as well as the challenges anticipated in its actual implementation.

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Keywords:Article 15(3); 106th Constitutional Amendment Act; 2023; Gender Equality; North vs. South India.

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Phenthoate is a widely used organophosphate pesticide that poses a significant threat to aquatic organisms when released into freshwater ecosystems. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the acute toxicity and behavioural alterations induced by phenthoate (50% EC) in the freshwater fish Ctenopharyngodon idella. Acute toxicity bioassays were conducted under static conditions for exposure periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values were determined by Finney's probit analysis method. The LC50 values recorded for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours were 4.41, 3.98, 3.58, and 3.18 ppm, respectively, indicating increased toxicity with prolonged exposure duration. Behavioural abnormalities such as hyperactivity, erratic swimming, surfacing behaviour, excessive mucus secretion, rapid opercular movement, loss of equilibrium, gasping activity, jerky movements, and bottom settling were observed in exposed fish. The intensity of behavioural changes increased progressively with increasing concentration and exposure duration. The observed toxic manifestations indicate severe physiological stress and neurotoxic effects caused by phenthoate exposure. The results demonstrate that behavioural responses and LC50 values can serve as sensitive biomarkers for monitoring pesticide contamination in aquatic ecosystems. The present study highlights the ecological risk of phenthoate to freshwater fish and emphasizes the need for careful management of pesticide usage near aquatic environments.

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Phenthoate (50% EC), Acute toxicity, LC50, Behavioural alterations, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Organophosphate pesticide, Aquatic toxicology, Freshwater fish

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Diabetic mellitus is chronic disease that is associated with long term complication. This research gives information regarding the herbal drugs will cure the diabetic complication in patient. Herbal antidiabetic drug treat diabetic mellitus by lowering glucose level in blood and they increase the insulin amount secreted by the pancreases. In this research mostly the garlic shows the antidiabetic action in that garlic the allion is chemical component responsible to decrease glucose level in blood. When the diabetic patient getting affected by any type of injury then the neem is act as wound healing property and also it has anti-hyperglycaemic activity. In this research we were formulated herbal antidiabetic drug from garlic and Neem and evaluation were perform such as disintegration test, Dissolution test, Hardness test, angle of repose and friability test.

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Introduction, objective, material and methods, result

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Abstract: With the development of different generations of antibiotics, there is parallelly an unseen and unnoticed development of resistance pattern in many of the bacteria, possessing serious threat to the human health and survival. Among them, Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections, from minor skin infections to severe and life-threatening diseases. Since the introduction of first-generation antibiotics, this organism has been showing enormous resistance pattern, leading to the emergence of multi drug resistant strains and also possessing a serious concern in health industry. This paper discusses the evolution of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, its mechanisms of resistance, patterns of multidrug resistance, and the diagnostic methods used for its detection, with the aim of highlighting the growing public health threat posed by antibiotic-resistant strains.

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Septicaemia, Pneumonia, Endocarditis, Osteomyelitis

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This study provides a systematic evaluation of the financial health and operational efficiency of Bajaj Finance Limited, a leading Indian Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC), over the period from 2020-21 to 2024-25. Using various financial analysis tools such as ratio analysis, trend analysis, and descriptive interpretation of financial statements, the research examines key performance indicators including liquidity, profitability, and solvency. The findings reveal that Bajaj Finance maintained strong revenue growth, consistent profitability, and a stable liquidity position despite fluctuating economic conditions. The analysis concludes that while the company employs significant leverage a common trait in the financial sector--it effectively manages risk through a diversified lending portfolio and robust capital adequacy.

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Return on Assets (ROA) - Return on Equity (ROE) - Net Profit Margin -Earnings Per Share (EPS) - Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC)

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The Digital Grampanchayat system is a web-based platform designed to enhance both efficiency and accessibility of local government services in rural areas. In traditional Panchayat systems, citizens must rely on manual processes to submit complaints, apply for certificates, and receive updates, which often leads to delays and inconvenience. This system provides an online solution that allows villagers to access Panchayat services anytime and from anywhere. Citizens can submit requests, track application status, and receive notifications through a secure and centralized platform. The system also helps Panchayat officials manage records digitally, respond to citizen requests faster, and maintain organized data. By reducing paperwork and manual effort, the platform improves transparency, accountability, and service delivery. The project supports the Digital India initiative by promoting digital governance and helping create a more efficient, transparent, and digitally connected rural administration.

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Digital Governance, E-Governance, Rural Development, MERN Stack, Web Application, Gram Panchayat

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A Flight Fare Prediction System using Machine Learning is an intelligent application developed to estimate airline ticket prices based on various travel-related factors such as departure date, source city, destination city, airline company, journey duration, travel class, and number of stops. Airline ticket prices are highly dynamic and fluctuate frequently due to multiple factors including customer demand, seasonal trends, holiday schedules, fuel prices, seat availability, and airline competition. Because of these continuously changing conditions, predicting flight fares manually becomes difficult and time-consuming for travelers. The proposed system aims to solve this problem by using Machine Learning techniques to analyze historical flight data and generate accurate fare predictions. The system begins with the collection of historical airline datasets containing details about previous flight bookings and ticket prices. The collected data undergoes preprocessing to improve data quality and prepare it for machine learning operations. During preprocessing, missing values are identified and handled appropriately, duplicate records are removed, and irrelevant attributes are filtered out. Since machine learning models require numerical input, categorical features such as airline names, source locations, destination cities, and travel classes are converted into machine-readable form using encoding techniques like one-hot encoding and label encoding. Numerical features such as duration and days left before departure may also be normalized or scaled to improve prediction performance. After preprocessing, different Machine Learning algorithms are applied to train the prediction model. Algorithms such as Linear Regression, Decision Tree Regression, and Random Forest Regression are commonly used because they effectively identify relationships between travel features and airfare prices. Linear Regression helps analyze the linear relationship between variables, Decision Tree handles non-linear data patterns through rule-based structures, and Random Forest improves prediction accuracy by combining multiple decision trees. The performance of these models is evaluated using statistical metrics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and R-squared Score. These evaluation techniques help determine the accuracy and efficiency of the prediction models.

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Flight Fare Prediction, Machine Learning, Data Pre-processing, Feature Engineering, Regression Models, Random Forest, Travel Analytics, Price Forecasting, Flask Web Application, Airline Ticket Pricing, Predictive Modelling, Python, Model Deployment, User Interface, Travel Planning.

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The present study examines the impact of agriculture on agricultural development and crop production in Ananthapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh. Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for a majority of the rural population in the district and plays a crucial role in regional economic development. However, the district is characterized by semi-arid climatic conditions, low and irregular rainfall, and frequent droughts, which significantly influence crop production and productivity. The study highlights that groundnut is the major crop cultivated in the district, followed by pulses and millets, with a strong dependence on rainfed farming systems. Limited irrigation facilities, soil moisture stress, and climatic variability are the key constraints affecting agricultural output. Despite these challenges, there has been gradual progress due to government support programs, adoption of improved farming techniques, crop diversification, and watershed development initiatives. The findings indicate that sustainable agricultural development in Ananthapuramu District depends on efficient water management, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, promotion of drought-resistant crops, and improved access to agricultural technologies and credit facilities. Strengthening these aspects can enhance crop productivity and ensure long-term agricultural sustainability in the region.

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Agricultural Credit- Agriculture Debt- agriculture income of the farmers- Agricultural Crop Productivity- Agriculture Development

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Aim : The Aim of this study were to assess Knowledge and Practice regarding regarding implementation of Mother Child Tracking System (MCTS) among the ANMs working at rural areas in the State of Maharashtra. Research Methodology The Community based Quantitative Descriptive cross-sectional survey research study conducted in selected rural areas in the State of Maharashtra . A total 150 ANMs working in PHCs and SCs selected by Simple Random Sampling. Data were collected by using Split Half method for structure questioner & Rater Inter-Rater method for observational check list .which have 28 structure questions and 66 statement of observational check list. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY The assessment of overall knowledge level about implementation of Mother Child Tracking System (MCTS) among ANMs depicted that majority 112 (74.7%) ANMs had excellent knowledge and 31 (20.7%) ANMs had good knowledge. Remaining 7 (4.7%) ANMs had average knowledge. None of the ANMs were in Poor knowledge range. This shows that most of ANMs had adequate knowledge regarding implementation of Mother Child Tracking System (MCTS) Practice level about implementation of Mother Child Tracking System (MCTS) among ANMs depicted that All of ANMs 150 (100%) were practicing 167 excellently regarding implementation of Mother Child Tracking System (MCTS). None of ANMs were practicing well, averagely or poorly. The finding indicated that, mean Knowledge score 3.10 (77.5%) was seen regarding MCTS Software-Child Health Services. Followed by which 1.54 (77%) regarding Data Collection - Monthly recording. Mean Knowledge score 3 (75%) was found regarding MCTS SoftwareMaternal Health Services, 4.24 (70.7%)(75%) was found regarding MCTS Software- Maternal Health Services, 4.24 (70.7% )found regarding Concept of MCTS, 1.99 (66.4%) regarding Data Collection -Monthly reporting, 3.89 (64.8%) found regarding MCTS work plan and 1.88 (62.3%) was seen regarding MCTS Software the Pearson's table (r) table value was 0.159 at 0.05 level of significance with no of pairs being 150. The calculated 'r' value was 0.021, which was less than the (r) table value 0.159. The P value 0.803 (p>0.803) which was more than 0.05 level of significance indicated that, there was no correlation between Knowledge and Practices regarding MCTS among ANM in selected rural area of Maharashtra. CONCLUSION This study concluded that Descriptive Cross Sectional survey design was used to assess the Knowledge and Practices regarding implementation of Mother Child Tracking System (MCTS) among the ANMs due to the Importance of health informatics in health care delivery system and also a part of nursing practice. The regular used of MCTS software and availability of digital technology , separate facility for data entry e.g. Room with computer system improve practices related to MCTS and MCH the With the help of descriptive cross sectional design researcher can explore more information regarding Mother Child Tracking System (MCTS) and Maternal and Child Health provided by ANMs INTRODUCTION A moment of unimaginable joy is what a mother feels when a newborn is placed on her arms- a joy every mother should have the right to experience. But for many pregnant women in India this memory will never come to be, the moment of birth is often frightening. The major complications that account for nearly two-thirds of all maternal deaths are severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth), infections (usually after childbirth), high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia), complications from delivery and unsafe abortions.1 The Government of India has been focusing on initiatives to improve maternal health indicators Much progress has been made in ending preventable maternal deaths in the past two decades: Globally the number of women and girls who die each year due to issues related to pregnancy and childbirth has dropped considerably, from 451,000 in 2000 to 295,000 in 2017, a 38 per cent decrease in 1985 WHO reported that 63-80% of maternal deaths due to direct obstetric causes and 88-98% of all maternal deaths could probably have been prevented with proper handling. to research reproductive behavior; and to assure every woman the right to safe motherhood the initiatives taken under the RCH program will be continued during the tenth Plan. Every effort will be made to ensure that the skill up gradation training which is critical for improving the content and quality of antenatal care is taken up and completed so that all the healthcare providers at primary secondary and tertiary care follow the protocol for screening all pregnant women for identification of those with problems. 2 ANM is the critical person in the screening of pregnant women; she will be given necessary skill upgradation training needed equipment and antenatal cards records to her findings. In order to ensure that the findings at antenatal screening are recorded accurately and reference back and forth becomes a standard practice it is essential to ensure that findings are recorded in a standard format in an antenatal card which is retained by the woman who takes it with her where ever gets referred to. During the Ninth Plan an antenatal card was designed and tested in some states. It is essential that these cards with suitable modification are printed and made available to all states for use. In India, coordination between levels in the health care delivery system and fragmentation of care account for the poor quality of maternal health care. Mass illiteracy is another cause. Effective strategies for reducing the MMR are to place a high priority on maternal and child health (MCH) services and integrate vertical programs (e g family planning) related to MCH. Mother & Child Tracking System (MCTS) is web based reporting software for name based tracking of health services to pregnant mothers and children and their follow up through health providers. It is being implemented by Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MOHFW), New Delhi. As per the guidelines by Government of India, it has been rolled out in the state since January 2011. It has been declared as Mission Mode Project (MMP) by Central Govt. under National e-Governance Plan (NeGP). It has been declared as Mission Mode Project (MMP) by Central Govt. under National e-Governance Plan (NeGP). To strengthen effective monitoring of mortality indicators IMR and MMR through tracking of health Services to pregnant women & children is the main objective of project. Tracking & monitoring of health services delivered to severe anemic & high risk mothers as well as low birth weight babies, monitoring of health services of beneficiaries in view of fully protected mothers and fully protected child, generation of monthly action plans in the form of work plans at health facility and health worker level as per the beneficiaries allotted are the other objectives of this project. Pregnant woman registration & live birth registration is done by all Government health institutes under rural & urban area. All sub Centre's, primary health Centre's, rural /sub district hospitals, General hospitals, Woman Hospitals, District Hospitals, Government Medical College Hospitals as well as urban health posts, Maternity homes & hospitals under municipal corporation etc. Institutes are implementing MCTS in respective areas After registration of beneficiary (Pregnant Woman or Child) in MCTS 18 digit unique ID is generated by computer system and it will be sent to mobile number registered for that beneficiary in the form of information SMS. Any Government Health facility in the state can retrieve the records of beneficiary by using such MCTS ID in the system for updating of health services. With the use of MCTS Software, facility is provided to update the information of beneficiary anywhere in the nation having access to the MCTS. Due services of pregnant woman and children for current as well as for next month are generated in the form of Work plans for health facility and health workers. Services in the field are being provided as per the work plan and services are recorded in the software to update the information of beneficiary. MCTS is a centralized web based application developed in co-ordination with NIC. MCTS was started on Dec-2009 and since then has come long way MCTS application is introduced for improving delivery of health care services to pregnant women and children up to five years of age through name based tracking of each beneficiary and monitoring service delivery. In July 2011 MCTS has been declared as the Mission Mode Project under NeGP (National e-Governance Plan) ANM will work closely with the Anganwadi worker and will conduct maternal and child health clinics in Anganwadi on specified days in each village according to the advance tour Program. She will be the gatekeeper whose referrals will be at PHC/ CHC. In states where there are major gaps in ANMs there is need to strengthen the existing ANM schools so that lack trained ANMs does not come in the way of improving coverage. In order to cater to the increasing private sector involvement in deliveries some of the states have proposed investing in training of community midwives.

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 Keywords

MCTS HMIS RCH RMNCH+A UNICEF AHS NeGP IMR MMR MWCD

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