Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

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Keywords: SOFC, BSCFTi, BSCFZr, Sol-Gel Method, XRD, SEM/EDAX, TGA/DTA, Ionic Conductivity, Density.

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Jus ad bellum (the right to go to war) refers to the legal criteria for the legitimate use of force by a state. It sheds light on its development from the concept of just war to the present-day concept of the United Nations Charter which forbids the use of force under Article 2(4) and authorises its use only under two narrow exceptions: self-defence (under Article 51) and Security Council authorisation (under Chapter VII). The analysis of the doctrine, from ancient civilisations to the League of Nations and Kellogg-Briand Pact, and from the 1945 order to the present, outlines the principles of necessity, proportionality and immediacy that underlie the legitimacy of self-defence. The Charter framework continues to be the benchmark for regulating interstate violence, despite ongoing controversies, such as anticipatory action, humanitarian intervention, and force against non-state actors. The paper concludes that the regime's failure to enforce its rules has created gaps, and geopolitical tensions persist to this day as a test, but it is "the law of the land" for states to explain their decision to use force in public, which has a normative effect on preventing unilateral force use and maintaining collective security as an operating principle.

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Jus ad Bellum, Self-Defence, United Nations Charter, Use of Force, Collective Security

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Water is an essential and inseparable part of human life. Traditionally, aquatic spaces have been viewed as pathways for travel, sources of resources, and places of recreation. However, Emerging interdisciplinary studies reframe aquatic spaces as active transformative forces that shape human identity, history, and culture. The relationship between humans and rivers is inextricable. Elif Sahfak's novel There Are Rivers in the Sky, presents water as a medium that connects past and present, memory, and history, and link characters across geographical boundaries. The novel illustrates how river bodies shape the characters' identity, emotions, memory, spirituality, and human interconnectedness. This study examines how fluid agencies are not passive elements but active active participants in influencing human and non- human existence. It focuses on how water bodies connects different civilizations, generations, cultures, and transforms human life.

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Blue Humanities, Fluid Agency, Aquatic transformation, Riverine Studies, and Human - Nature interconnectedness.

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Background: Game-based learning (GBL) is increasingly implemented in higher education to counteract student cognitive fatigue and low engagement associated with traditional lecture-based instructional models. However, its comprehensive pedagogical utility from the student perspective requires further investigation. Methodology: This study employed a descriptive survey design to evaluate undergraduate student perceptions regarding the effectiveness of GBL versus traditional learning. Data were collected from college student cohort using a structured questionnaire measuring factors such as engagement, learning outcomes, skill development, adaptability, and assessment. Results: The descriptive analysis revealed high positive consensus for GBL as an affective-cognitive catalyst, with a dominant cumulative majority confirming its success in heightening active classroom engagement and clarifying complex concepts. Conversely, positive consensus decreased when evaluating GBL's capacity to develop professional skills, leaving a large block of students completely neutral. High volatility was observed regarding system adaptability and accessibility, alongside widespread student skepticism toward gamified grading structures. Findings: The findings indicate a critical gap between GBL's motivational capabilities and its perceived long-term professional or evaluative utility. While students value digital interactivity and conceptual visualization, they remain highly protective of the structural transparency, objective accountability, and academic rigor provided by conventional exam frameworks. Conclusion: This research concludes that higher education institutions should avoid entirely replacing traditional lecture models with casual gamification. Instead, the study recommends a hybrid pedagogical framework that strategically leverages GBL for initial motivation and application, while maintaining traditional instruction and assessment to guarantee rigorous academic validation and professional workforce preparation.

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Game-based learning, learning outcomes, adaptability, traditional learning, assessment

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Stress is one of the major psycho-physiological health concerns affecting college students due to academic burden, emotional instability, competitive lifestyle, disturbed sleep, and psychosocial imbalance. Persistent stress negatively influences concentration, memory, emotional stability, immunity, sleep quality, academic performance, and overall quality of life. Modern physiology explains stress through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system, resulting in increased secretion of cortisol and catecholamines. Ayurveda explains stress-related manifestations through concepts such as Chinta, Vishada, Bhaya, Atatvabhinivesha, and imbalance of Raja and Tama Dosha affecting Manas and Manovaha Srotas. Surya Namaskar is a classical yogic practice consisting of twelve sequential postures coordinated with controlled breathing. It positively influences physical fitness, autonomic balance, neuroendocrine regulation, respiratory efficiency, concentration, and emotional stability. Traditional Surya Namaskar practiced with mantra chanting may further enhance mindfulness, psycho-spiritual harmony, parasympathetic dominance, and mental relaxation. The present conceptual review aims to evaluate the role of Surya Namaskar with and without mantra in stress modulation through Ayurvedic and modern physiological perspectives with special reference to Sharir Prakruti and Kriya Sharir principles. Literature for this review was collected from classical Ayurvedic texts, yoga literature, modern physiology textbooks, and peer-reviewed research articles indexed in scientific databases. The review highlights the effects of Surya Namaskar on autonomic balance, neuroendocrine regulation, Raja-Tama imbalance, Ojas, Manovaha Srotas, and psycho-physiological functioning. The review suggests that Surya Namaskar may serve as a safe, economical, and non-pharmacological approach for stress management. Addition of mantra chanting may further improve emotional regulation, concentration, and stress adaptability. Further clinical and observational studies are required for scientific validation.

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Stress, Surya Namaskar, Mantra, Stress Modulation, Kriya Sharir, Sharir Prakruti, Yoga, Ayurveda.

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Laccases are multicopper oxidases known for their ability to degrade phenolic and non-phenolic lignin-related compounds, making them essential for various biotechnological and environmental applications. This study aimed to isolate and screen efficient laccase-producing fungi from soil samples collected at textile sizing sites in Bhiwandi, Maharashtra. Using serial dilution and SDA media, 120 fungal isolates were obtained, of which 90 were screened for laccase activity via guaiacol-based plate assay. Positive laccase producers were identified through the formation of reddish-brown halos, indicating enzymatic oxidation. Thirty-seven isolates exhibited strong laccase activity and were subjected to microscopic analysis, revealing dominance of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Fusarium, and Rhizopus. The study highlights the ecological adaptability and enzymatic potential of indigenous fungi in polluted environments. Given laccase's eco-friendly catalytic properties and broad substrate specificity, these isolates hold promise for industrial applications such as dye decolorization, lignin degradation, and detoxification of textile effluents. This research underscores the significance of exploring local microbial biodiversity as a cost-effective and sustainable approach to address environmental challenges, paving the way for future pilot-scale enzyme production and strategic implementation of fungal laccases in bioremediation efforts.

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Guaiacol assay, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Bioremediation, Textile sizing site.

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Abstract: Traditionally, Intelligence Quotient (IQ) has been regarded as the sole predictor of learning achievement, i.e. better the IQ, the better will be the academic performance. However, researches over the years have revealed that IQ is not the only significant predictor of academic success or learning achievement. Hence, there are other non-cognitive measures of learning achievement. Two such non-cognitive factors that this study assumes to affect learning achievement are Grit and Emotional Intelligence. Hence, the investigator has undertaken the present study which is titled as "Learning Achievement of Undergraduate students in relation to their Grit and Emotional Intelligence" in an attempt to find out the relationship among Grit and Emotional Intelligence to the Learning achievement of undergraduate students in liberal and professional courses and to find out the contribution of Grit and Emotional Intelligence to the learning achievement of the students of undergraduate level in liberal and professional courses. Thus, the Causal-Comparative Method was adopted for the present study. For the collection of data, Adapted Grit Scale and the Emotional Intelligence Scale developed by Anukool Hyde, Sanjyot Pethe and Upinder Dhar in 2002 were administered on 60 students of undergraduate liberal course and 60 students of undergraduate professional courses of Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha. The collected data were analysed using the Product moment coefficient of correlation (r) and Regression Equation. The results of the study revealed that grit and Emotional Intelligence are positively related to the learning achievement of the undergraduate liberal course students. Similarly, Grit is positively related to the learning achievement of Undergraduate students of professional courses whereas emotional intelligence is negatively related to learning achievement of undergraduate professional course students. Further grit and emotional intelligence were found to be the predictors of learning achievement of undergraduate liberal course students. In the case of undergraduate professional course students, grit was not found to be a predictor of learning achievement but emotional intelligence was found to be predictor of learning achievement.

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Key words: Learning Achievement, Grit and Emotional Intelligence, Undergraduate Students.

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Abstract The rapid advancement of digital technology and internet accessibility has significantly transformed consumer purchasing patterns across India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. The increasing penetration of smartphones, affordable internet services, and the expansion of digital payment systems have encouraged consumers to shift from traditional shopping methods to online platforms. E-commerce companies are continuously enhancing their services through personalized marketing strategies, attractive discounts, faster delivery mechanisms, and improved customer support to attract and retain consumers. In Tamil Nadu, changing lifestyles, urbanization, and growing awareness of digital platforms have further accelerated the adoption of online shopping among different age groups. Consumers now prefer online shopping due to convenience, time-saving benefits, wider product availability, and the ability to compare prices and reviews before making purchase decisions. This research article examines the key factors influencing online shopping behavior in Tamil Nadu, India, a state with a rapidly growing e-commerce market. Drawing on secondary data from empirical studies, industry reports, and social media insights, the study identifies marketing strategies, delivery systems, product diversity, browsing speed, and customer service as primary drivers. With an estimated 16.6 million online shoppers in 2025, Tamil Nadu's high internet penetration (60%) and literacy rate (80.1%) foster a conducive environment for e-commerce. The findings highlight the need for secure, user-friendly platforms and robust delivery systems to sustain growth, while addressing challenges like rural connectivity and consumer trust. Additionally, the study emphasizes that consumer satisfaction and trust are essential for the long-term success of e-commerce businesses in the region. The research provides valuable insights for marketers, policymakers, and online retailers to develop effective strategies that enhance customer experience and strengthen the digital shopping ecosystem in Tamil Nadu.

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Key Words: Online Shopping, Influencing Factors, Buyer Behaviour, E-Commerce, Delivery System, Consumer Trust, Digital Marketing, Customer Satisfaction.

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Abstract: This study examines the literacy pattern and spatial variation in Raichur District using Census data from 2001 and 2011. Literacy is an important indicator of socio-economic development and human resource progress. The study aims to analyze taluk-wise literacy rates and identify changes during the decade. It is based on secondary data collected from Census Handbooks, District Gazetteers, government reports, journals, books, and Survey of India maps. Quantitative and cartographic methods were used for analysis. The findings show that the overall literacy rate increased from 48.81 per cent in 2001 to 59.56 per cent in 2011, with an improvement of 10.75 percentage. Raichur taluk recorded the highest literacy, while Devadurga remained the least literate taluk. Rural literacy rose from 42.00 per cent to 53.68 percent, and urban literacy from 66.24 per cent to 74.56 percent. Although male literacy remained higher, female literacy showed greater improvement. The study highlights persistent regional and gender disparities in literacy development.

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Keywords: Gender disparity, Literacy Rate, Educational Attainment, educational growth, regional disparities.

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The Kalyana Chalukyas, who governed extensive territories of the Deccan plateau from 973 to 1189 CE, profoundly shaped the socio-cultural landscape of Andhradesa (the Telugu-speaking region of present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana). This article examines the social stratification, gender dynamics, religious configurations, temple patronage patterns, and economic structures that characterised their rule in the Andhra region. Drawing primarily upon epigraphical evidence--including stone inscriptions, copper plate charters, and literary sources such as the Manasollasa, Vikramankadevacharitam, and Gadayuddha--the study illuminates a period marked by religious pluralism, complex social hierarchies, commercial prosperity, and intensive temple construction. The article further traces the gradual recession of Jainism, the ascendancy of Saiva sectarian traditions--particularly the Kalamukha and later Virasaiva movements--and the evolving public role of women in administration and religious patronage.

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Kalyana Chalukyas, Andhradesa, Medieval Deccan, Saivism, Jainism, Social Stratification, Merchant Guilds, Temple Patronage, Women's History

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition