Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Groundwater is the primary source of drinking and domestic water in rural Bihar, particularly in the Gaya district where surface water availability is seasonal and unreliable. The present study evaluates the groundwater quality of Bodh Gaya Block with special reference to Guri Bigha village in Gaya district, Bihar. The assessment focuses on physicochemical characteristics and suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes. A total of Six groundwater samples were collected from hand pumps and bore wells during pre-monsoon season from Kazichak(S1),Bakraur(S2),Guri Bigha (S3),Bagdaha(S4),Bataspur(S5), and Bhagwanpur(S6).Diferent Parameters such as Temperature, pH, EC, Alkalinity,TDS,TH,DO,Phosphate,Chloride,Nitrate,Fluoride,Sulphate,Iron,Calcium,Ma-gnesium,BOD,COD were analysed using standard APHA methods. The results indicate that groundwater quality in the study area varies spatially and is influenced by geological formation, agricultural runoff, domestic waste disposal, and seasonal fluctuations. The results indicate that most samples fall within permissible limits, but elevated levels of TDS,Iron,Fluoride and Hardness in some locations suggest localized contamination. Water analysis revealed that parts of Guri Bigha fall under poor to unsuitable categories for direct consumption. The study highlights the need for groundwater monitoring, public awareness, and sustainable water management strategies to ensure safe drinking water availability in the region.

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 Keywords

Water Quality, Bodh Gaya, Fluoride,Groundwater,Physico-chemical parameters.

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E-commerce has grown at a remarkable pace over the past decade, and with it, the role of customer reviews in guiding purchase decisions has become undeniable. When someone wants to buy a smartphone from platforms like Amazon or Flipkart, the first thing they typically do is scroll through reviews -- hundreds, sometimes thousands of them. That process is exhausting and often leaves buyers more confused than informed. This paper describes a sentiment analysis system built specifically for Amazon mobile phone reviews. The goal is straightforward: take raw customer feedback, run it through an automated analysis pipeline, and present the results in a way that actually helps someone decide whether a phone is worth buying. On the technical side, Python and Flask run the backend while TextBlob takes care of the sentiment processing. The visual side of things is handled by Chart.js, which renders the charts and graphs that users actually see on screen. The review data itself comes from CSV files and covers a wide range of brands -- Samsung, Apple, OnePlus, Vivo, Oppo, Realme, Motorola, and Nokia. Every review gets sorted into one of three categories: positive, negative, or neutral. From there, the results are broken down by individual features -- battery, camera, display, processor, and software -- and presented through pie charts, histograms, and comparison tables. What comes out of all this is a tool that works well for two very different types of people. For someone shopping for a new phone, it gives them a straight, honest picture of what buyers actually think without having to dig through hundreds of individual opinions. For a company, it highlights exactly which parts of their product customers are unhappy with -- which is the kind of feedback that is genuinely hard to get from a star rating alone.

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 Keywords

Sentiment Analysis, Natural Language Processing, Machine Learning, Flask, Amazon Reviews, Mobile Review Analysis, Data Visualization.

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 Abstract

uttam santan keisse praptya ho

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antakaran vahakaran adhan sthapit vilakchan ritukal garbhadhan bhagnatman

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The present study was undertaken to examine the attitude of intermediate students towards value oriented education in relation to medium of instruction and group of study. The study employed the survey method and the sample consisted of 1200 intermediate students selected through stratified random sampling technique. Value oriented education is essential for developing honesty, discipline, cooperation, responsibility, and social commitment among students. The results of the Two-Way ANOVA revealed significant main effects of medium of instruction (F = 69.5, p < .001) and group of study (F = 20.7, p < .001), and also a significant interaction effect between medium of instruction and group of study (F = 15.4, p < .001) on the attitude of students towards value oriented education. The findings of the t-test indicated a significant difference between English medium students (N = 944, Mean = 237, SD = 26.6) and Telugu medium students (N = 256, Mean = 227, SD = 28.2), with t = 5.28, p < .001. Further, One-Way ANOVA showed significant differences among various groups of study (F = 6.14, p < .001), where Bi.P.C students obtained higher mean attitude scores than other groups. The findings are supported by the studies of Rai (2024), Pingkisan et al. (2024), Kaushik and Kumar (2026), and Ansary et al. (2023), which reported that instructional medium and educational environment significantly influence students' value orientation and attitudes. The study concludes that medium of instruction and group of study are important factors influencing the attitude of intermediate students towards value oriented education.

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 Keywords

:Value Oriented Education, Medium of Instruction, Group of Study, Intermediate Students

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Shukrameha is one of the twenty types of Prameha described in Ayurvedic literature and is characterized by involuntary discharge of semen mixed with urine. It indicates a pathological disturbance of the reproductive and urinary systems due to the imbalance of Vata and Kapha Dosha, along with dysfunction of Shukravaha and Mutravaha Srotas. In Modern science, Shukrameha can be correlated with conditions such as spermatorrhea, nocturnal emissions, chronic prostatitis, seminal vesiculitis and spermaturia. Aim of this article is to compare the Ayurvedic concept of Shukrameha with its correlations in modern medicine and highlight similarities in clinical features, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches. The study reveals that Shukrameha shows significant correlation with conditions involving abnormal semen discharge in modern medicine. Common factors such as weakness, stress, and infection were found to play a role in both systems. While Ayurveda explains the condition through Doshadushti and Dhatukshaya, modern medicine attributes it to inflammation, neuromuscular dysfunction, and infection. Ayurveda focuses on restoring balance of Doshas, strengthening Shukra Dhatu, and rejuvenating the reproductive system through ayurvedic medications, Panchakarma, and lifestyle modifications. Modern medicine addresses the condition through antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, counseling, and pelvic floor strengthening exercises. Both Ayurveda and modern medicine share similarities in clinical presentation and contributing factors of Shrukameha. However, their approaches to management differ, with Ayurveda emphasizing holistic restoration through Dosha balance, Dhatu nourishment, and Panchakarma, while modern medicine focuses on symptomatic relief through pharmacological and supportive therapies. A comparative understanding of both systems suggests that an integrated therapeutic approach may provide better management of reproductive and urinary disorders related to involuntary semen discharge.

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Shukrameha, Spermatorrhea, nocturnal emissions, chronic prostatitis, spermaturia.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Tribal peoples constitute 8.6 percent of India's total population, about 104 million people according to the 2011 census (68 million people according to the 1991 census). This is the largest population of the tribal people in the world. One concentration lives in a belt along the Himalayas stretching through Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh in the west, to Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur, and Nagaland in the northeast. Another concentration lives in the hilly areas of central India (Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and, to a lesser extent, Andhra Pradesh); in this belt, which is bounded by the Narmada River to the north and the Godavari River to the southeast, tribal peoples occupy the slopes of the region's mountains. Other tribals, the Santals, live in Bihar and West Bengal. There are smaller numbers of tribal people in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala, in western India in Gujarat and Rajasthan, and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

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 Keywords

India, Tribal people, Hilly areas, Population and Mountains.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The impending expiration of the constitutional freeze on electoral delimitation in 2026 presents one of the most profound institutional crises for the Indian Republic, pitting the foundational doctrine of democratic equality against the structural imperatives of constitutional federalism. Through a doctrinal and critical analysis of constitutional texts, statutory frameworks, and Supreme Court jurisprudence, this article investigates the structural tensions arising from deeply asymmetrical demographic growth across Indian states. Since the Forty-second Amendment in 1976, the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha has remained tethered to the 1971 census to insulate the political representation of constituent units that successfully implemented national population control directives. A rigid, mathematically absolute application of the population-to-seat proportionality principle in the upcoming post-2026 delimitation threatens to abruptly disenfranchise these demographically stable Southern states, thereby transferring decisive legislative hegemony to populous Northern states. This demographic determinism risks rupturing the cooperative federal compact and breaching the constitutional trust integral to India's democratic governance. Reconciling this conflict requires a departure from orthodox majoritarian interpretations of electoral equality. The article argues that the absolute non-justiciability of delimitation orders must be carefully re-evaluated within the framework of the basic structure doctrine to prevent macro-level federal disenfranchisement. Ultimately, this study proposes a reimagined constitutional compromise rooted in pragmatic federalism. It advocates for a bifurcated delimitation model comprising rigorous intra-state territorial rationalization to cure localized malapportionment, coupled with a capped redistribution of inter-state parliamentary seats. Furthermore, the article asserts that preserving the Union's federal equilibrium necessitates structural reforms to the Council of States, transitioning towards genuine legislative federalism through equitable state representation. By decoupling political empowerment from unchecked demographic expansion, this restructuring can sustain representational justice without destabilizing the sovereign unity of the Indian constitutional state.

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 Keywords

Constitutional Federalism; Electoral Delimitation; Democratic Equality; Representational Justice; Demographic Asymmetry; Constitutional Trust

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Coastal west Bengal is being continuously affected and deceased by thunderstorm. Of which electrocution has caused a significantly large number of casualties. In this study an attempt has been made to quantify the occurrences and casualties by thunderstorms along with assessment of thunderstorm awareness level from a recently thunderstorm affected area - Laukhali-Patharghata village of Sandeshkhali-I block under North24 Parganas district

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Thunderstorm occurrences, casualty, correlation, level of awareness

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Antibiotics play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. However, the inappropriate use of these medicines has become a major public health concern due to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance. The present study was conducted to evaluate antibiotic usage patterns and assess awareness regarding antibiotic resistance among the general population of Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar district. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was carried out among 1000 participants from both rural and urban areas. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information related to demographic characteristics, antibiotic consumption practices, self-medication behavior, treatment adherence, and awareness regarding antibiotic resistance. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and represented in the form of frequencies and percentages. The study findings indicated that a considerable proportion of respondents reported using antibiotics without professional medical consultation. Self-medication practices were also frequently observed among the participants. Although awareness regarding antibiotic resistance was reported by a majority of respondents, variations were identified between rural and urban populations. Pharmacists and healthcare professionals were found to be important sources of information regarding antibiotic use.

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 Keywords

Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiotic Use, Self-Medication, Public Awareness, Antimicrobial Resistance.

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The digital expansion of state power has generated profound friction between executive surveillance architecture and the fundamental right to privacy recognized in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India. This article critically examines the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (hereinafter referred as DPDP Act), arguing that while the statute ostensibly safeguards informational privacy, it simultaneously institutionalizes expansive executive surveillance capabilities. Employing a doctrinal and comparative constitutional methodology, this research interrogates the DPDP framework against the tripartite proportionality standard embedded in Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Indian Constitution. The analysis specifically dissects the blanket exemptions under Section 17 of the DPDP Act, which grant the state broad, unregulated discretion to bypass data protection obligations in the name of national security and public order. By evaluating the potential chilling effect on democratic dissent and the absence of robust independent judicial oversight, the article demonstrates that the current legislative framework skews the liberty-security balance heavily toward the state. Ultimately, the paper concludes that without integrating rigorous procedural safeguards and strict necessity tests, the DPDP Act risks normalizing a surveillance-compatible constitutional order, thereby rendering the promise of informational self-determination largely symbolic.

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 Keywords

Surveillance Constitutionalism; Proportionality Doctrine; Digital Personal Data Protection Act; Executive Overreach; Chilling Effect; Constitutional Morality; Article 21.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition