Volume 12 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Micelles are treated as enzyme-like particles and micellar catalysis was used to mimic enzyme catalysed reactions. In order to get in-depth knowledge of enzymatic reactions, the electron transfer reactions were carried out in the presence of Sodium- dodecylsulfate (SDS) micelles. The micellar kinetic data shows fractional order dependance on Phenylsulfinylacetic acid , PSAA and the operation of Michaelis-Menten kinetics is inferred from the linear double reciprocal plots of k1 versus [PSAA] with finite intercept on the rate axis. The kinetic data shows first order dependence with respect to Iron (III) polypyridyl complex ,[Fe(NN)3]3+ and the rate constant is found to increase with increase in [H+]. From the study of substituent effect it is clear that both ERG and EWG accelerate the reaction rate. On applying Hammett correlation between substituent constant ? and kov of meta- and para-substituted PSAAs, a nonlinear Hammett plot was obtained. The micellar catalysis observed here is as expected since one of the reactants is a cation [Fe(NN)3]3+ and the other one is neutral PSAA . Hence, both can bind with the anionic micelle by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions respectively.

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 Keywords

Electron transfer reaction ; Iron (III) polypyridyl complex ; Phenylsulfinylacetic acid ; Non-linear Hammett

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According to Ayurveda, Living body is continuously subjected to wear and tear process. Dhatus which are being lost in physiological activities are replenished by food and water. The word rasa dhatu literally means the component of the body with nutrients and essence. There are two forms of rasa related to body physiology. Man needs to eat food to build a new Dhatus and to repair damage Dhatus. After consumption food is digested in gastro intestinal tract. Fluid formed from the digested part of food is called as Ahara Rasa. For growth, Dhatus needs nourishment, and these Dhatus are nourished by food and water. Aahar Rasa is formed in Annavaha Srotas. Aahar Rasa contains nutrients of seven Dhatus. Aahar Rasa is absorbed from Grahani (small intestine) and brought into heart. Heart is a root of Rasavaha Srotas, hence in heart, Rasa Dhatvagni transforms nutrients of Ahara Rasa into stable Rasa Dhatu. Rasa Dhatu is formed in Rasavaha Srotas. Rasa is the first Dhatu formed from Aahar-Rasa.

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Rasavaha Srotas, Rasa, Dhatu.

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Any critical and nuanced analysis of what contours this discourse - security versus liberty - must begin by placing it within the legal and socio-political context of India. Inspired by the evolutionary laws of Great Britain, India inherited a complex regime of surveillance through the Information Technology Act 2000, and the Indian Telegraph Act 1885. The advent of the technological revolution has led to the use of various surveillance architecture like Aadhaar (unique biometric ID), centralized monitoring systems (CMS), air traffic surveillance (NETRA) and national intelligence grid (NATGRID), all of which have in turn, like everywhere else in the world, created concerns about safety and security on the one hand, and the right to privacy on the other. The recent judgment by the Supreme Court in the Aadhaar case, Justice K S Puttaswamy (Retd) v. Union of India, recognized privacy as a fundamental right. The judgment talks about the need for 'proportionality, legality and necessity of state action' that can be bring used to bring about a violation to an individual's right to privacy. Thus, the discourse of surveillance oscillates across time, across evolving legal regimes, and is situated squarely on the idea of the tension between surveillance to ensure freedom and surveillance to ensure guardedness. The fluidity with which India intends to keep changing and creating laws related to privacy and data protection can be seen in the passage and discussion of the personal data protection bill, which acknowledges the tension between the demand for the need to ensure security and surveillance and the need to also uphold the right to privacy within the democratic legal framework.

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Surveillance, Privacy, National Security, India, Information Technology Act Aadhaar, NETRA, NATGRID

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The Solar Operated Multi-functional Agricultural Vehicle (SMAV), which combines electric propulsion, renewable energy, and advanced agricultural capabilities, represents a state-of-the-art approach to sustainable farming techniques. SMAVs provide a full answer to contemporary agricultural difficulties because they are outfitted with electric motors for propulsion, solar panels for power generation, and adaptable attachments for a range of agricultural jobs. With the use of precision agriculture technology, such as GPS, sensors, and automated control systems, farmers can optimize crop management techniques for increased yields and less environmental impact. These technologies also help to increase productivity and resource efficiency.

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Solar Multi-functional Agricultural Vehicle (SMAV), Renewable Energy, Electric Propulsion, Solar Panels, Versatile Attachments, Precision Agriculture, GPS, Automated Control Systems, Resource Efficiency.

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Pitched uneasily between political exile and promising life, the girmits created a history of being a stranger estranged by their own strangeness. Indentured servants from India were taken to far away lands to work on plantations, with little or no pay, for a specific period of time. It was imposed involuntarily other judicial punishment, sometimes a voluntarily for purported eventual compensation of debt repayment. The lives of these people changed terribly and underwent transformation which was addressed rarely. The ancestral trauma of dislocation, the treacherous journey across the sea, hardships upon their arrival, and the ongoing process of loss of identity in the diasporic setup, resulted in the direct impact on the present experience of post indenture Indians across the world. Torabully takes on the journey for self-exploration to the first stone of memory where humans were treated as 'coolies' bound for plantation colonies. He coined the term 'coolitude' to feature an extended narrative and dwell on the necessities of the memories of homeland. In this paper, I will talk about the loss of identity and pain, as found in the poems of Khal Torabully and Sudesh Mishra, who have captured this essence of indentured servants.

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indentured labour, diaspora, loss of identity, pain, coolitude

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finding the location of fire caught area and send it via gps

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firefighting drone,gps location,tracker,fire sensor,reliability control

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Retinal vascular segmentation plays a crucial role in the early diagnosis and prognosis of eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Machine learning models have emerged as powerful tools for automating this segmentation process, enabling accurate and efficient analysis of retinal images. This survey explores innovative approaches in retinal vascular segmentation with a focus on machine learning techniques.We review a variety of machine learning models applied to retinal vascular segmentation, including deep learning architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), and their combinations. The survey highlights key methodologies, challenges, and advancements in the field, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state-of-the-art. Throughout the review, we identify critical gaps and limitations in existing literature, including issues related to model generalization across diverse datasets, robustness to image artifacts, and scalability for large-scale clinical applications. We discuss promising directions for future research, emphasizing the importance of interpretable and clinically validated segmentation models. By synthesizing insights from various machine learning approaches, this survey contributes to the ongoing efforts in developing accurate and reliable tools for eye disease forecasting based on retinal imaging data. The findings presented here serve as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners working at the intersection of machine learning and ophthalmic healthcare, ultimately aiming to improve patient outcomes through early disease detection and personalized treatment strategies.

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Retinal Vessel Segmentation , Generative Adversarial Networks ,Convolutional neural network, Ophthalmology ,Disease Prediction

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 Abstract

"???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? "?????????" ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???, ?????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? "?????????" ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? '?????????' ?? ???? ???? '???????? ?? ????????' ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?? '?????????' ??? ?????? ??? ?????? (IPC) ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? "?????????" ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? 21 ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???, ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???, ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????" ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????

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The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of neck pain among computer science students in Visnagar city. A cross sectional study performed among 200 Computer Science students aged 18 to 22 years. Results revealed 51.5% prevalence rate, 48.5% of participants had no disability, 48.0% had a mild disability, and 3.5% had a moderate disability. Students' self-reported gender distribution was 67% male and 33% female based on the results of the self-questionnaire.A study reveals mild neck pain among undergraduate computer science students, affecting everyday tasks. To prevent accidents and promote healthier habits and ergonomic education should be enhanced. Index Terms - Neck pain, NDI, Musculoskele

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Neck pain, NDI, Musculoskeletal disorders, Musculoskeletal symptoms.

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Ridesharing systems have revolutionized urban transportation, dominated by global giants Ola and Uber. This study comprehensively compares the two, examining service quality, market reach, and customer satisfaction. Using a mixed-methods approach blending literature review and empirical data, factors like pricing, coverage, technology, and user experiences are analyzed. Regulatory hurdles, driver satisfaction, and corporate governance are also considered. The findings shed light on each platform's strengths, weaknesses, and operational strategies, offering insights valuable beyond ridesharing to platform-based business models and urban transportation dynamics. This research aids policymakers, industry players, and researchers in strategic decision-making and future investigations.

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Ridesharing, Comparative Analysis, Market Penetration, Platform-Based Business Models, Pricing Strategies

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