Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Consent in medical practice is a complicated process.This is partly because different medical conditions bring up different challenges for doctors and patients. Informed consent and risk assessment are important public health topics that have become even more important during the Covid-19 pandemic. In this article, we look at the key factors that doctors should consider when getting consent for solid organ transplantation. Consent for solid organ transplantation is more complicated than most surgeries or other medical procedures because of the many factors involved, the complexity of the choices, and the need to balance different risks. We start by looking at the context in which a patient gives consent. Then we outline the legal principles of consent in medical practice as they apply in the UK and the implications of recent legal cases. The third section looks at the specific difficulties of consent in organ transplantation and highlights the important factors in making sure consent is properly given. The fourth section provides practical advice. We suggest a new "multi-factor approach" to informed consent in transplantation that includes understanding risk, effective communication, and strong review processes. Although understanding risk and communication are essential, our suggestion is that including review processes into the consent process is very important. By this, we mean identifying and creating space for judgment in decision-making to help ensure that informed consent is actually given in practice. Discretion means that healthcare professionals use their judgment to guide their actions rather than follow legal decisions as strict rules.

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 Keywords

ROLE OF CONSENT IN ORGAN DONATION: A HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE

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Granisetron is a potent and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist widely used for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Despite its therapeutic efficacy, granisetron exhibits a relatively short biological half-life and requires frequent administration, which may reduce patient compliance. Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS), particularly floating drug delivery systems (FDDS), have gained significant attention as an approach to enhance gastric residence time and improve drug bioavailability. FDDS are designed to remain buoyant in gastric fluid, thereby prolonging drug release in the upper gastrointestinal tract where absorption is optimal. This review provides a detailed overview of granisetron, including its pharmacokinetics and limitations, and discusses the design principles, formulation strategies, mechanisms, and evaluation parameters of floating drug delivery systems. Various polymers, excipients, and preparation techniques used in FDDS are critically examined. Additionally, recent advancements and future perspectives in gastroretentive systems for granisetron delivery are highlighted. The review concludes that FDDS represent a promising strategy for improving therapeutic outcomes and patient adherence in granisetron therapy.

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 Keywords

Granisetron, Floating Drug Delivery System, Gastroretentive Systems, Controlled Release, 5-HT3 Antagonist, Bioavailability Enhancement

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The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains has created an urgent need for the development of new antimicrobial agents. In the present study, a series of novel benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized by the condensation of o-phenylenediamine with various substituted aromatic aldehydes under reflux conditions. The synthesized compounds were purified and characterized using melting point determination, FT-IR, ^1H NMR, ^13C NMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized derivatives was evaluated against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains using the agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The results revealed that several compounds exhibited moderate to significant antibacterial activity. Among the synthesized derivatives, compounds containing electron-withdrawing substituents such as dichloro, fluoro, and nitro groups showed enhanced antibacterial potency compared to compounds containing electron-donating groups. Compound BZ-5 demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity, with inhibitory effects comparable to the standard drug ciprofloxacin. The findings suggest that substituted benzimidazole derivatives may serve as promising lead molecules for the development of novel antibacterial agents against resistant bacterial pathogens.

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Benzimidazole, Antibacterial activity, Multidrug resistance, Spectral characterization, Structure-Activity Relationship, Heterocyclic compounds.

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This study examines the growing attraction of youth towards politics in contemporary society. The paper explores socio-political, economic, educational, technological, and psychological determinants that influence youth political participation. The study argues that digital media, political awareness, identity formation, employment concerns, and leadership aspirations significantly shape youth engagement in politics. The findings highlight the importance of democratic participation and political socialization among young citizens.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Youth, Politics, Political Participation, Political Socialization, Social Media, Democracy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Default prediction has become an essential task when it comes to the risk management of financial institutions and decision-making within the banking industry. In this day and age, due to advancements in technology such as digital banking services, there has been an explosion of structured and unstructured data being produced. One issue regarding machine learning algorithms is their inability to manage the complex relationships that can be found within data. Therefore, this paper suggests a hybrid deep learning algorithm which utilizes behavioral, transactional, and demographic data to predict credit default rates. This paper introduces a combined learning method that uses both Artificial Neural Networks and ensemble learning to boost the precision of predictions.

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Credit Defaults, Deep Learning, Hybrid Model, ANN.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Agriculture plays a crucial role in global food security and economic sustainability. However, plant diseases significantly affect crop productivity and quality, leading to substantial economic losses. Early detection and timely treatment of crop diseases are essential for sustainable farming practices. This research proposes an intelligent crop disease detection and automatic spraying system using Deep Learning and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. The proposed system utilizes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to identify diseases from crop leaf images captured through a camera module. Once a disease is detected, a Raspberry Pi-based controller activates a smart spraying mechanism that applies pesticides only to infected regions. This precision spraying approach minimizes pesticide consumption and reduces environmental impact.

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Crop Disease Detection, Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Networks, IoT, Smart Agriculture, Precision Spraying

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research investigates labour welfare measures in major cement companies operating in Andhra Pradesh, with a comparative focus on Ultratech Cement (Tadipatri), India Cements (Chilamkur), Bharathi Cement (Kadapa), and Cement Corporation of India (CCI). The study integrates statutory and non-statutory welfare initiatives to present a holistic understanding of employee well-being. Through quantitative analysis and employee feedback, the research highlights strengths in safety provisions, transport services, and work environment while also identifying gaps in advanced healthcare, leave policies, and retirement benefits. The findings serve as a guide for improving welfare frameworks to enhance employee satisfaction, retention, and organizational performance.

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Labour Welfare, Employee Satisfaction, Cement Industry, Industrial Relations, Statutory Welfare Measures, Occupational Safety, Work Environment, Productivity, Government Welfare Schemes, Employee Motivation.

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Sustainable heritage tourism has emerged as a vital strategy for preserving cultural resources while simultaneously promoting regional economic development and destination competitiveness. The present study examines the heritage tourism potential of the Lepakshi Temple located in Sri Sathya Sai district of Andhra Pradesh, India, with special reference to UNESCO World Heritage recognition and sustainable tourism development. The study analyses the historical, architectural, cultural, religious and tourism significance of the temple and evaluates the role of heritage conservation in promoting sustainable destination management. Both primary and secondary data were utilized for the study. Primary data were collected from 500 respondents, including tourists, local residents, tourism stakeholders, guides, and local business operators through structured questionnaires and field observations. Secondary data were collected from the Ministry of Tourism reports, Andhra Pradesh Tourism publications, UNESCO documents, Archaeological Survey of India reports, books, journals, and research articles. Statistical tools such as Percentage Analysis, Weighted Mean Score Analysis, Chi-Square Test, Correlation Analysis, and Regression Analysis were applied for interpretation of data. The findings reveal that Lepakshi Temple possesses significant heritage tourism potential because of its Vijayanagara architectural excellence, mural paintings, monolithic Nandi sculpture, and religious importance. However, inadequate tourism infrastructure, limited conservation measures, insufficient awareness regarding UNESCO heritage significance, and lack of integrated heritage management strategies affect its sustainable tourism development. The study concludes that effective conservation policies, stakeholder participation, sustainable tourism planning, community involvement, and UNESCO-oriented heritage management are essential for transforming Lepakshi Temple into an internationally recognized sustainable heritage tourism destination.

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 Keywords

Sustainable Heritage Tourism, UNESCO Recognition, Lepakshi Temple, Heritage Conservation, Cultural Tourism, Vijayanagara Architecture, Andhra Pradesh Tourism

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a widespread condition involving hormonal and metabolic imbalances, impacting approximately 8-13% of women during their reproductive years across the globe. It is mainly accompanied by excessive androgen levels, abnormal or absent ovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology. The condition is arising due to genetic influences, environmental, lifestyle factors that disturb the normal hormonal balance and metabolism of the body. Insulin resistance, obesity, and inflammation play a major role in worsening the symptoms and future health risks linked to PCOS. Underlying mechanisms involve increased luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, reduced follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) activity, and overproduction of androgens by the ovaries. These changes lead to anovulation, infertility, acne, and excessive hair growth. Apart from reproductive problems, women affected by PCOS have an increased likelihood of developing metabolic disorders such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, abnormal lipid levels, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular conditions. Emotional problems like anxiety, depression and low self-esteem are commonly seen, making PCOS a multidimensional health issue. The diagnosis is made by evaluating clinical symptoms along with hormonal assessments and ultrasound results. The Rotterdam and recent international guidelines recommend a comprehensive approach that also includes metabolic and psychological assessment. Management focuses on lifestyle modification such as balanced diet, regular physical activity, and weight control. Emerging options such as inositols, GLP-1 agonists, and nutraceuticals offer additional benefits. In conclusion, PCOS extends beyond a reproductive disorder and is a long-term metabolic condition that requires timely diagnosis, healthy lifestyle changes, and personalized treatment approaches.

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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), hormonal imbalance, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, ovulatory dysfunction, genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors, cardiovascular risk, psychological impact, diagnostic criteria, lifestyle-based management.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ABSTRACT Hearing is necessary for the development of language, speech, and cognitive skills. Hearing as one of the most important senses of human beings it enables to listen, laugh, and enjoy the quality of life of a person including childhood. Hearing loss may have the devastating effects on the development of a child's ability to learn, to communicate, and to socialize and connect with the world. Living quality of life is a constitutional right as well as human right of every individual. Indian constitution under Article 21 guarantees the right to life and liberty and right to health is an inherent to right to dignified life. Further it is provided under directives for social security, sickness and disability benefits to lead a dignified life. The right to life includes the right to health, a dignified and quality of life. To fulfil this right as fundamental right State requires that health care should be made available and affordable to all the people. Hearing loss to the person may impact on the development of a child's ability to learn, to communicate, and to socialize. It can be a devastating condition not only for the children but also their parents. But many children are having heard loss or sometimes deaf mutation by birth or after birth. Hearing impairment is an invisible handicap and hence its effects are not visible to others, so deafness in a child often goes unnoticed. In this paper, predictive model is proposed to find hearing loss and to give recommendations using machine learning techniques. A predictive model is developed for various regression algorithms and determined its performance metrics. Data set is collected in special education school, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh children who are hearing impaired and taking speech therapy. Regression algorithms such as decision tree, support vector, Lassa, Random Forest and Linear regression. Based on the performance metric values, Lassa regression outperforms other algorithms on this live data. Comparison analysis is made and proved that Lassa regression algorithm is suitable for this dataset.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Constitution of India, Machine Learning, Hearing loss, Lasso regression, right to life, child rights.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition