Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

The Modified Inverse Exponentiated Exponential Poisson distribution, a novel and flexible probability distribution, is used in this article to analyze the air quality in Kathmandu. A real data set was used to evaluate the model's suitability for the air quality data of Kathmandu, Nepal, from 2022 to 2026. To investigate the actual ground-level air quality conditions, we performed the data analysis for particulate matter 2.5 (P2.5). This distribution is constructed by adding an additional shape parameter to the Inverse Exponentiated Exponential Poisson distribution. A number of statistical features of the proposed model are derived and analyzed. Additionally, we have examined the estimation of parameters, model validation, and model comparisons of the proposed model with existing models for P2.5 at Ratnapark station, Kathmandu. The model's parameters are estimated using Maximum Likelihood estimation (MLE), and the graphical validation of the model is checked by plotting the P-P and Q-Q charts. The models' suitability is compared using the Anderson-Darling (An) test, Cramer-Von Mises (CVM) test, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test, along with their corresponding p-values, to demonstrate the better fitting of the proposed model. The ARIMA model is used to analyze time series data on PM2.5 air pollution from 2022 to 2026. We also found that the basic exponential smoothing strategy provides a decent forecast model for PM2.5 data from 2022 to 2026.

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 Keywords

Hazard rate function, exponential distribution, and inversely exponentiated exponential Poisson distribution

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Mathematics is not solely about numbers and formulas; it is also deeply intertwined with language. This essay explores the significant impact of language skills - listening, speaking, reading, and writing on learning mathematics. Language serves as the foundation for understanding mathematical concepts, solving problems, reasoning logically, and communicating effectively. Strong language skills enhance a student's ability to interpret mathematical language, articulate solutions, and develop critical thinking. Conversely, students with limited language proficiency may struggle with understanding word problems, following multi-step instructions, or expressing mathematical reasoning. The essay emphasizes the importance of integrating language development into math instruction through strategies such as vocabulary enrichment, summarizing content, and collaborative learning. These methods support not only comprehension but also the application of mathematical knowledge in real-life contexts. The essay also discusses the educational implications, advocating for explicit language instruction in math classrooms, especially for students facing language or learning barriers. Future research is encouraged to identify effective strategies and examine their impact across diverse student populations. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between language and math learning can inform teaching practices and ultimately improve educational outcomes.

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Language skills, mathematics learning, mathematical communication, problem-solving, mathematical reasoning, academic success, education strategies.

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Abstract: Culturally responsive teaching (CRT) is an instructional model that exhibits a value on the conscious integration of cultural, linguistic, social backgrounds of learners within classroom practice, which in turn improves engagement, motivation and learning. In India, where plurality of languages in the classroom, different social structures, and disparate cultural orientation are the order of the day, CRT provides a very necessary pedagogical tool to gain equity and meaningful learning. The current paper presents an extensive conceptual review of the CRT in the Indian context including the strategies, challenges, and opportunities to enhance student engagement. Using current literature, policy frameworks, and examples of schools in India, the paper outlines the practical strategies that can be used by teachers to bring about smooth integration of cultural knowledge of students into the teaching and learning processes. Participatory, multilingual strategies, and community-related learning are some of the methods cited in the review as essential methods of promoting engagement. Limiting factors like lack of teacher training, prescriptive curriculum, lack of resources and socio cultural barriers are discussed. In addition, the paper explores the opportunities provided by National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 in India, professional growth, and the use of technology to support CRT implementation. The results highlight the need to integrate the culturally responsive pedagogy in a systematic manner into the teacher training, curriculum development, and policy provisions. The work contributes to the discussion of CRT in India and presents practical suggestions that educators, administrators, and policymakers should accept to foster an inclusive and engaging learning process in different Indian classrooms.

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Culturally responsive pedagogy, Student engagement, Multilingual education and Inclusive teaching

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Sign language, Arduino, ASL, Sound Glove, Dumb, Gesture recognition, Deaf, Flex.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Post office Saving schemes are a collection of small savings schemes offered by the Indian Government through its Post offices. These schemes provide various investment options with different tenures and interest rates. This paper concentrates on consumer preference on popular post office schemes like savings account, Recurring Deposit account (RD), Time deposit account (TD), and Sukanya Samrddhiyojana (SSY). Convenience sampling method was used to select hundred respondents living in the Thrissur District in Kerala. The findings indicates that most of the respondents aware about post office saving account scheme and prefer that for their savings. And the factors like safety of investment and attractive return encourage people to invest in post office. Some suggestions like launch media campaigns, conduct work shop, and encourage postmen to act as financial literacy agent and provide online system for improving overall performance of post office relates these saving schemes.

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Saving account, Recurring deposit, Time deposit and Sukanya samriddhi yojana.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rapid expansion of digital banking services has transformed the financial ecosystem in India, particularly within public sector banks. However, concerns related to security, privacy, and financial risk continue to influence customers' adoption decisions. This study examines the impact of perceived security risk, privacy risk, and financial risk on digital banking service adoption among customers of public sector banks in Bengaluru. Using a quantitative research design, primary data were collected from customers through a structured questionnaire. Statistical tools such as correlation and regression analysis were employed to assess the relationship between perceived risks and adoption behaviour. The findings reveal that security and privacy concerns significantly affect customers' willingness to adopt digital banking services, while financial risk perception moderately influences adoption decisions. The study highlights the need for public sector banks to strengthen cybersecurity measures, enhance transparent data protection policies, and build customer trust through awareness initiatives. The research contributes to the growing literature on digital banking adoption by providing empirical evidence from an emerging economy context and offers practical implications for policymakers and banking institutions aiming to accelerate digital transformation.

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Keywords: Digital Banking Adoption; Perceived Security Risk; Privacy Risk; Financial Risk; Public Sector Banks; Customer Trust; Technology Acceptance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Necklace (Translation of Guy de Maupassant's La Parure)

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MTT assay, Cytotoxicity, TT cell line, Cell viability

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This paper examines the symbolic, affective, and therapeutic functions of food in Amulya Malladi's Serving Crazy with Curry, foregrounding culinary practice as a medium of emotional recovery and identity reconstruction within the diasporic experience. Situating the novel within the emerging discourse of food studies and feminist literary criticism, the study argues that cooking operates as an alternative language through which the protagonist, Devi, negotiates trauma, silence, and fractured selfhood following personal loss. The analysis demonstrates how food becomes a form of embodied expression, enabling Devi to articulate emotions that remain inaccessible through verbal communication. Furthermore, the kitchen traditionally conceptualised as a feminised domestic space is reconfigured as a site of agency, creativity, and relational repair, particularly in the context of the mother-daughter relationship. By tracing Devi's gradual return to speech, culinary creativity, and cultural belonging, the paper highlights the role of everyday food practices in mediating memory, healing, and self-reclamation. The study ultimately positions Malladi's narrative as a significant contribution to contemporary diasporic women's writing, expanding the critical possibilities of reading food as a transformative and restorative cultural practice.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Food Studies; Diasporic Identity; Trauma and Healing; Culinary Narratives; Gender and Selfhood

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition