Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Ferti Forecast is an IoT-enabled, machine learning-based system designed to provide intelligent fertilizer recommendations based on real-time soil nutrient analysis and environmental conditions. The system addresses the limitations of conventional fertilizer application methods, which often rely on fixed rules and lack adaptability to changing soil and climate conditions leading to nutrient imbalances, reduced crop yields, and environmental degradation. Ferti Forecast utilizes supervised machine learning algorithms, specifically Decision Tree and Random Forest classifiers, trained on real- world datasets containing Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) values, along with temperature and rainfall data. Among the tested models, Random Forest demonstrated superior accuracy and generalizability due to its ensemble learning capability and resistance to overfitting. The software implementation is carried out using Python, Scikit-learn, and Pandas within the Google Collab environment, allowing for scalable training and cloud-based prediction. On the hardware side, the system employs a Node MCU microcontroller connected to an NPK soil sensor, a temperature sensor, and a rainfall sensor for collecting live environmental and nutrient data. The Node MCU transmits this data via Wi-Fi to the trained model hosted online or locally. Based on the model's prediction, an LCD provides instant fertilizer recommendations to the user directly in the field.

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 Keywords

Soil Nutrient Analysis, NPK Sensor, Fertilizer Recommendation System, Machine Learning, Random Forest Algorithm, Precision Agriculture, IoT-based Smart Farming, Real-Time Soil Monitoring, Sustainable Agriculture, Embedded Systems

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

It is paper on how AI Based Integrated Crop Insurance system will helpful for Government and also for Farmer to easy access and take Benefits of

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AI, Integrated, ?????, insurance

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a growing global concern, with recent World Health Organization (WHO) reports indicating that 1 in 100 children worldwide is affected by autism. While genetic factors play a significant role, emerging research suggests that prenatal environmental factors and maternal mental well-being are crucial in determining fetal neurological outcomes. This paper explores the preventive measures that can be taken during pregnancy and the postnatal period to reduce the risk of ASD. During the prenatal stage, the transition from joint families to nuclear families has led to increased maternal isolation, excessive use of digital devices, and heightened psychological stress. This study highlights the potential risks associated with prolonged exposure to mobile radiation, lack of social engagement, and inadequate physical activity during pregnancy. Furthermore, the importance of nutritional balance, avoidance of self-medication, and protection from environmental pollutants and noise pollution are discussed as vital preventive strategies. The paper also emphasizes the significance of early postnatal monitoring. Early signs such as delayed motor development, lack of eye contact, absence of babbling by six months, and repetitive behaviors are critical indicators. The study concludes that through proactive maternal care and early therapeutic intervention, the severity of ASD symptoms can be mitigated, leading to better developmental outcomes for the child.

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 Keywords

Autism Spectrum Disorder, Maternal Health, Prenatal Care, Nuclear Family, Early Intervention, Digital Radiation, Child Development.

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Decentralized governance in India, institutionalized through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, has significantly reshaped the political and developmental landscape of rural Odisha. The Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) serve as the cornerstone of participatory democracy, empowering local communities to plan, implement and monitor development initiatives. In Odisha, PRIs have become vital instruments for social inclusion, grassroots democracy and rural transformation, particularly in addressing the needs of marginalized groups such as Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and women. The dynamics of Panchayati Raj politics in Odisha, however, reveal a complex interplay between state control, party politics and local autonomy. While Gram Sabhas and Palli Sabhas are constitutionally mandated to strengthen participatory decision-making, their effectiveness often depends on the political will, capacity of elected representatives and community engagement. Moreover, the rise of women and marginalized communities as elected leaders has introduced new dimensions to local governance, though challenges like elite capture, bureaucratic dominance and resource constraints persist. This paper examines the trajectory of decentralized governance and Panchayati Raj politics in Odisha, analysing their role in promoting democratic deepening, socio-economic development and inclusive growth. It also highlights the structural limitations and emerging trends that shape the future of grassroots democracy in the state.

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Keywords: Decentralized, Governance, Panchayati Raj, Odisha Politics,

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 Abstract

Although human life has always been a struggle, this struggle has been particularly pronounced in the lives of farmers. They have faced uncertainty in their profession since time immemorial, dealing with challenges such as floods, droughts, and pests. Farmers are the providers of food, but the inherent uncertainties of their profession prevent them from achieving economic prosperity, often forcing them to abandon farming. In such a situation, any form of assurance or financial support provides them with renewed hope and energy. With the objective of providing financial relief to farmers, the central government launched the Kisan Credit Card scheme

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 Keywords

kisan credit card scheme, rural development, farmer prosperity.

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Kokborok, the indigenous language of the Borok (Tripuri) people in Tripura, Northeast India, belongs to the Tibeto-Burman family and has evolved from a rich oral tradition. This survey traces the trajectory of Kokborok novels from the pioneering work Hachuk Khurio (In the Lap of Hills, 1987) by Sudhanwa Debbarma to contemporary expressions, highlighting their role in preserving cultural identity amid socio-political changes. The transition from oral folklore encompassing myths, folk song and rituals to written forms began in the mid-20th century, spurred by revival movements such as the Tripura Janasiksha Samiti (1945) and the recognition of Kokborok as a state language in 1979. Early efforts focused on grammars and translations, with Hachuk Khurio marking the first modern novel. Serialized in the magazine Kwtal Kothoma (1954), it depicts rural life, hill landscapes, and Borok resilience, blending realism with cultural motifs.Debbarma's multi-part series (Parts I-IV) set a foundation, exploring themes of social obligations, spirituality, and ethnic pride. The 1980s and 1990s represented a growth phase (Periods IV-V), with novels like Shyamlal Debbarma's Khong (1996), and Tongthai Naitungwi (2007), Nanda Kumar Debbarma's Rung (2001), and Kunjabihari Debbarma's Mwnakni Pohor (2002). These works addressed rural struggles, historical folklore, migration, and environmental harmony, often fusing traditional oral elements with modern narratives. Authors such as Sunil Debbarma Langmani Rukungo, (2003), Atul Debbarma 1980 (2006), and Sefali Debbarma (Lokhopoti, 2010) expanded genres, tackling political marginalization, gender roles, and insurgency. In the 21st century (Period VI, 2000s-2020s), contemporary novels by writers like Bijoy Debbarma Dolai Twima Naro, (2008).

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 Keywords

Kokborok, indigenous language of the borok (Tripuri) people of Tripura, Northeast India, Kokborok novel, Kokborok literature.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Key words me Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, Planned Teaching Programme, Knowledge, Blood Sugar Control, Patient Education

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Background: Abducens nerve palsy is a common manifestation of intracranial hypertension but remains an unusual presentation of intracranial hypotension. Case presentation: We report the case of a 26-year-old woman who developed acute binocular diplopia following spinal anesthesia for hysterectomy. Clinical examination revealed an isolated right sixth nerve palsy associated with postural headache and vomiting. Brain MRI demonstrated diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement and slit-like ventricles consistent with intracranial hypotension. The patient was successfully treated with an epidural blood patch, leading to complete resolution of symptoms. Conclusion: Although rare, intracranial hypotension should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute diplopia, particularly after spinal anesthesia. Prompt recognition and treatment ensure excellent prognosis.

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Intracranial hypotension, Abducens nerve palsy, Spinal anesthesia, Diplopia, Epidural blood patch

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Abstract: This study delves into the financial performance of public sector banks in India before and after mergers, examining the transformative impact of these strategic combinations. Over the past years, the Indian government has orchestrated mergers among public sector banks to fortify the banking sector and address challenges such as non-performing assets, operational inefficiencies, and capital adequacy. Before mergers, these banks operated independently, each with its own financial standing, operational framework, and customer base. Post-merger, the financial landscape undergoes significant shifts as the combined entity strives to realize synergies, streamline operations, and emerge as a more robust and competitive player in the banking sector. The financial performance analysis encompasses several crucial dimensions. Cost synergies, a primary objective of mergers, focus on reducing duplication and optimizing resources, leading to improved operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Asset quality assumes paramount importance, with the merged entity working towards enhancing its loan portfolio's health and risk management practices. Capital adequacy, a key metric for financial stability, is scrutinized to ensure that the consolidated bank possesses the strength to weather economic uncertainties. Operational efficiency gains prominence through the integration of technology and processes, aiming to streamline operations and enhance customer service. Customer retention and acquisition strategies play a pivotal role, reflecting the success of the merger not only in financial terms but also in sustaining and expanding the customer base. Market perception and investor confidence further influence the post-merger scenario, impacting stock prices and overall financial health. This study seeks to provide insights into the nuanced dynamics of public sector bank mergers in India, shedding light on the complexities, challenges, and successes encountered in the pursuit of strengthened financial performance in the evolving banking landscape.

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Keywords: Financial, Performance, Pre and Post-Merger, Public Sector Banks, India.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Pediatric emergencies, Knowledge, General population, Emergency management

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