Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

The Government of India, through the Ministry of Finance, Department of Financial Services, has implemented several programmes aimed at promoting financial inclusion, encompassing both banking and insurance services. The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana is one of the flagship financial inclusion initiatives, launched on 8th April 2015, and has completed a decade as of now. In the context of the implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana, MUDRA Ltd., commonly referred to as MUDRA Bank, was incorporated as a wholly owned subsidiary of SIDBI, primarily to refinance lending undertaken by financial institutions under the scheme. The annual reports of MUDRA Ltd. from FY 2015-16 to FY 2023-24 (nine years) are publicly available on the official portal of MUDRA Ltd. and provide detailed information on targets versus achievements related to loan sanctions and disbursements, region-wise number of accounts and loan disbursement, participation of women entrepreneurs, and coverage across General, SC, ST, and OBC categories. Given the limited availability of comprehensive decade-long evaluations of the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana based on secondary data from MUDRA Ltd.'s annual reports, a systematic assessment of its performance is hereby carried. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate the performance of the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana by analyzing data reported in the annual reports of MUDRA Ltd., and to examine trends and patterns in loan disbursement and beneficiaries across regions, gender, and borrower categories. The study concludes that the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana has largely achieved its objectives, as evidenced by sustained growth in loan disbursement and beneficiary outreach; however, despite overall progress, regional disparities persist and on a positive note women's participation remains robust.

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 Keywords

(i) Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (ii) Women Entrepreneur (iii) Mudra Ltd., (iv) Mudra Bank.

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Buddhism is one of the major religions followed in Southeast Asia. The Buddhist traditions of the Lao people possess distinctive characteristics arising from the integration of Theravada Buddhism with indigenous animistic beliefs, which have played a significant role in the way of life, society, and culture of Lao communities over an extended period. The concepts of the concerned spirits, such as household spirits, ancestral spirits, guardian spirits, ancestor veneration, and rituals for protection and prosperity, continue to coexist alongside Buddhist tradition in Laos, such as karma, the cycle of death and rebirth, and merit-making through dedication of merit. Alongside economic transformations, urbanization, globalization, technological advancements, and governmental regulations in the twenty-first century, several customs have been altered or are now seen as cultural heritage rather than adherence to faith. However, this integration still demonstrates the adaptability and flexibility of Lao Buddhism, which continues to play a vital part in preserving Lao society's uniqueness and cohesion. Furthermore, indigenous beliefs are interpreted within the moral framework of Buddhism, and Lao Buddhist monks frequently act as a bridge between ceremonies associated with animist tradition beliefs, such as the dispelling of misfortune. This article, "Lao Buddhist Tradition: An Examination of its Interplay with Animism and Changing Contours in the Twenty-First Century," focuses on the pre-Buddhist and modern amalgamations of Animism and Buddhism in Lao civilization. I will also discuss Buddhism in Lane Xang from the 13th century C.E. onward, making it the primary religion of the Lane Xang people and uniting all the sub-lands into one kingdom. Furthermore, King Fa Ngum, the first great king, and other Kings of Lane Xang, who patronized Buddhism in the land. In addition, I'll discuss the mixture of Buddhist tradition with other Laotian faiths. Finally, I'll discuss and analyze the interaction between Buddhism and animism in Lao society and examine the transformation of Buddhist traditions in the twenty-first century.

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 Keywords

Lao Buddhist Tradition, Lao Buddhist monk, Theravada Buddhism, Animal worship, Animism, Lao culture, Lao Tradition, Buddhist Festival, Phi cults, Social transformation.

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Now a days Mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, stress, schizophrenia, and suicidal tendencies present serious global public health challenges, especially among adolescents and young adults. Day by day more advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have driven the development of multimodal systems integrating diverse data sources: neurophysiological signals, smartphone-based digital phenotyping, social media content, and wearable sensor data. In this survey offers a detailed review of five recent studies (2022-2025) using multimodal, machine learning, and deep learning techniques for mental health detection and risk prediction. The survey studies for data modalities, methodologies, strengths, limitations, and research challenges. The future research directions are outlined to inform the development of robust, ethical, real-time AI-based mental health assessment systems.

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Mental Health, Multimodal Learning, Digital Phenotyping, Deep Learning, Anxiety Detection, Depression, Stress Detection, Survey

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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???? ????: ASEAN, ???? ????????? ?????, ???, Maritime Strategy, ??????????? ?????

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Solar powered Vapour absorption refrigeration system proves to be an environment friendly alternative when compared with traditional cooling system using CFC. They can also operate on low grade heat source. Ammonia being eco- friendly and high efficiency refrigerant is widely used various application. In this paper the exergy and energy analysis, of a 10-KW single-effect NH?-H?O vapor-absorption refrigeration system (VARS) powered by solar energy through a parabolic collector is presented. The system features a vertical generator (15-cm diameter, 82-cm height), water-cooled absorber, air-cooled condenser, and chilled-water evaporator operating at flow rates of 27.5-40 L/min. A comprehensive steady-state thermodynamic model was developed in Excel to perform mass, energy, and exergy analyses of all system components. The model incorporates heat rejection in the absorber and condenser, thermal load in the generator, evaporator chilled-water dynamics, and parabolic collector performance including useful heat gain and optimal-thermal efficiency prediction. Exergy analysis reveals that collector coupled with generator and absorber account for highest amount of exergy destruction. It provides a useful insights for solar assisted vapour absorption refrigeration system.

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Keywords- Solar absorption refrigeration, NH?-H?O working pair, Exergy analysis, Energy analysis, Parabolic solar collector, Solar cooling system, Chilled water temperature

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Mark Haddon's The Red House offers a penetrating examination of familial estrangement shaped by the accumulated weight of silence. It was set during a week-long holiday gathering, the novel eschews conventional dramatic crisis in favour of sustained attention to interior experience characterised by emotional withdrawal and psychological isolation. This study contends that The Red House interrogates difference not as a visible condition but as a subterranean force operating beneath ordinary domestic life, where profound inner distress persists without acknowledgement. The narrative deploys a fragmented multi-perspectival structure, granting access to eight distinct consciousness inhabited by private dissatisfactions and unresolved tensions. Despite shared proximity, characters remain fundamentally isolated by their incapacity to articulate suffering or perceive the distress of others. Silence operates simultaneously as a thematic preoccupation and a structural principle, signalling systemic failure of recognition. Through narrative restraint, The Red House demands attentiveness to experiences resisting conventional visibility, advocating an expanded sensitivity toward unspoken strain and persistent misapprehension.

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Silence, Interior strain, Recognition, Fragmented narrative, Familial estrangement

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This research article investigates the information-seeking patterns and library utilization behavior of undergraduate (UG) students in college libraries. The study explores how UG students identify academic information needs, which sources they prefer, how frequently they use physical and digital library services, and what barriers they face while accessing academic resources. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted using a structured questionnaire containing both closed-ended and open-ended items. A recommended sample size of approximately 350 UG students was considered to ensure representation across academic years and streams. The study also examines students' awareness and participation in information literacy (IL) programs, perceived usefulness of IL instruction, and confidence in searching and evaluating information. Illustrative results indicate that students frequently rely on textbooks, class notes, and search engines, while the use of library-provided e-resources remains comparatively low. Key challenges include limited awareness of e-resources, inadequate digital infrastructure, lack of time, and insufficient guidance. The findings emphasize the need for improved information literacy initiatives, better digital access, strengthened user support services, and systematic promotion of academic resources to enhance the effectiveness of college libraries.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Information-seeking behavior, Library utilization, Undergraduate students, Academic resources, Information literacy, E-resources, College libraries

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Vidradhi (abscess) is a localized inflammatory swelling described in Ayurveda as a Pitta-Kapha dominant disorder. Jalaukavacharana (leech therapy) is a type of Raktamokshna (bloodletting) indicated for inflammatory and suppurative conditions. Raktamokshana described in Ayurvedic classics for conditions involving pitta and rakta vitiation, characterized by inflammation, severe pain, swelling, suppuration. A perianal abscess is an acute infective condition causing severe pain, swelling and redness around the anal region. In the early and chronic inflammatory stage, leech therapy offers a minimally invasive and natural approached for local decogesion and pain relief. Acharya vaghbhata has advocated its use in inflammatory condition like vranashopha, Raktapradoshaja vyadhi characterised by localised swelling, discoloration, burning sensation and pain. The successful outcome with jalaukavacharan can be attributed to the synergistic effect of leech saliva ,which contains bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and thrombolytic properties. Its role in improving local blood circulation and reducing localised inflammation likely contributed to rapid symptom resolution.

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 Keywords

leech theropy, Jalaukavacharan, Vidradhi, Perianal Abscess

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In the contemporary digital environment, social media has become a dominant platform for information creation, sharing, and consumption. While social media offers numerous opportunities for learning and communication, it also presents challenges such as misinformation, privacy risks, and information overload. Digital literacy has therefore emerged as an essential skill for individuals to effectively navigate social media platforms. Libraries, as trusted information centers, play a crucial role in promoting digital literacy among users. This paper examines the role of libraries in fostering digital literacy in the social media era, highlighting library initiatives, the responsibilities of librarians, challenges faced, and future prospects. The study emphasizes that libraries are key institutions in empowering users with critical thinking, ethical information use, and responsible social media engagement.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Digital literacy, Social media, Libraries, Librarians, Information literacy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The ubiquity of mobile technology has fundamentally altered the reading landscape for undergraduate students. While print media was once the uncontested standard, smartphones now serve as a primary gateway for both academic and leisure reading. This study employs a quantitative survey design to analyze the evolving preferences of undergraduates across various disciplines, specifically contrasting mobile and print usage. The results indicate a bifurcated habit: students favor mobile devices for their convenience and accessibility, yet return to print for tasks requiring deep, focused comprehension. These findings suggest that academic libraries must adapt to this 'dual-mode' reading culture to remain effective hubs of information.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Academic libraries, Mobile phones, Print books, Reading habits, Undergraduate students,

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition